首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your Exposome A)When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You m
Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your Exposome A)When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You m
admin
2014-11-27
29
问题
Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your Exposome
A)When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health. Not so fast. In fact, it transpires(得知)that our everyday environment outweighs our genetics, when it comes to measuring our risk of disease. The genome(染色体组,基因组)is out—welcome the exposome(环境暴露).
B)"The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment, that’ s not in the genes, "says Stephen Rappaport, environmental health scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. That includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few. "The big difference is that: the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies, diets and lifestyles change, "he says. While our understanding of the human genome has been growing at an exponential(迅速发展的)rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases. "Genes only contribute 10 percent to the overall disease burden," says Rappaport. "Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile(无用的)," says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London. He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, who investigated the effects of 101 genetic markers implicated in heart disease. After following over 19,000 women for 12 years, she found these markers were not able to predict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group.
C)On the other hand, the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery. "There’s an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and the environment," says Chris Wild, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who came up with the idea of the exposome. In reality, most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two, which is where the exposome comes in. "The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person’ s full exposure history," says Wild. He hopes a better understanding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors.
D)There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development. For example, the time from birth to 3 years of age is thought to be particularly important. "We know that this is the time when brain connections are made, and that if you are obese(过度肥胖的)by this age, you’ll have problems as an adult," says Nicholson. In theory, a blood or urine sample taken from an individual could provide a snapshot of what that person has been exposed to. But how do you work out what fingerprints chemicals might leave in the body? The task is not as formidable(艰难的)as it sounds. For a start, researchers could make use of swatches(样本)of bio-bank information that has already been collected. "There has been a huge international funding effort in adult cohorts(一群)like the UK Bio-bank already," says Wild. "If we improved analysis, we could apply it to these groups."
E)Several teams are also working towards developing wearable devices to measure personal exposure to chemicals in the environment. "We can put chemicals in categories," says Rappaport. "We could start by prioritizing toxic chemicals, and look for markers of these toxins in the blood, while hormones and metals can be measured directly." Rappaport is looking at albumin(白蛋白), a common protein in the blood that transports toxins to the liver where they are processed and broken down. He wants to know how it reacts with a range of chemicals, and is measuring the products. "You can get a fingerprint—a display of all the products an individual has been exposed to."
F)By combining this information with an enhanced understanding of how exposure affects health, the exposome could help better predict a person’ s true disease risk. And we shouldn’ t have to wait long—Rappaport reckons we can reap the benefits within a generation. To this end, the US Nautral Institutes of Health has set up an exposure biology program. "We’ re looking for interactions between genes and exposure to work out an individual’s risk of disease," says David Balshaw, who manages the program. "It would allow you to tailor(使合适)the therapeutic response to that person’s risk." An understanding of this interaction, reflected in a person’s metabolic(新陈代谢的)profiles(数据图表), might also help predict how they will respond to a drug. Nicholson has been looking for clues in metabolite profiles of urine samples.
G)Last year, his research group used these profiles to predict how individuals would metabolise paracetamol(扑热息痛). "It turned out that gut(肠子)microbes(微生物)were very important," says Nicholson. "We’ve shown that the pre-dose urinary metabolite profile could predict the metabolism of painkilling drugs, and therefore predict drug toxicity." The findings suggest that metabolic profiles of exposure could help doctors tailor therapies and enable them to prescribe personalized medicines. Justin Stebbing at Imperial College London has already shown that metabolic profiles of women with breast cancer can predict who will respond to certain therapies. It is early days, but the initial findings look promising. "We’re reaching the point where we’re capable of assessing the exposome," says Balshaw. With the implications for understanding disease causes and risks, and a real prospect of developing personalized medicine, the expo-some is showing more promise than the genome already, he adds.
H)How does air pollution or stress leave a trace in the blood? The US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is trying to find out. One group funded by the NIH and led by Nongjian Tao at Arizona State University’ s Biodesign Institute in Tempre is developing wearable wireless sensors to monitor an individual’ s exposure to environmental pollutants. Tao’ s team started by creating software for Windows phones(视窗话筒), but they are working on apps(应用程序)that could be used on any smart phone. In theory, anyone could pop on(戴)a sensor and download an app to receive real-time information on exposure to environmental pollutants. At the same time, smart phones monitoring your location can combine the level of pollution with an exact time and place. Tao presented his sensor at the Circuits and Systems for Medical and Environmental Applications Workshop in Yucatan Mexico last week.
I)"We’re now moving prototypes(原型 , 样品)into human studies, and progressing those prototypes into products," says David Balshaw of the NIH. Earlier this year, Tao’ s group tried out the sensor on individuals taking a stroll around Los Angeles, California. They were able to measure how exposure to pollutants changed as each person wandered near busy roads and petrol stations.
Jeremy Nicholson said, knowing genetic risk factors of health turned out to be completely useless.
选项
答案
B
解析
信息明示题。题干:根据Jeremy Nicholson的观点,了解健康的基因风险因素变得完全无效了。题干关键词:Jeremy Nicholson和completely useless。文中B段倒数第三句提到,Jeremy Nicholson说了解基因风险因素被证明是完全没用的。与题干意思吻合,故选B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/rcv7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Anannualcyclingevent.B、MajorCanadianbicycleraces.C、Thecontributionofcyclingtohealth.D、Howtoincreaseone’sspee
IsEQMoreImportantthanIQ?1.许多人认为情商(EmotionalQuotient)比智商(IntelligenceQuotient)更重要2.我的观点
Smokingisharmfultoourhealthandisextremelyhazardoustochildren.Parentswhosmokeoftenopenawindoworturnonafan
Smokingisharmfultoourhealthandisextremelyhazardoustochildren.Parentswhosmokeoftenopenawindoworturnonafan
______(尽管人们的兴趣不尽相同),wecanstillmakefriendswiththosewhodonothaveourhobbies.
Internethaslongbeenthefocusofresearch.Recently,alargestudy【C1】_____thatotherwisehealthyteenagersaremuchmore【C2】
Internethaslongbeenthefocusofresearch.Recently,alargestudy【C1】_____thatotherwisehealthyteenagersaremuchmore【C2】
A、Expectingthechildtobeagenius.B、Beingambitiousandunrealistic.C、Beingambitiousandsensible.D、Alwayssettingahigh
ImaginebeingaslaveinancientRome.Nowrememberbeingone.Thesecondtask,unlikethefirst,iscrazy.If,asI’mguessing,
It’sdifficulttoimaginetheseaeverrunningoutoffish.It’ssovast,sodeep,so【B1】______.Unfortunately,it’snotbottoml
随机试题
“三纲”一词最早见于
A、HeartDiseaseB、DepressionC、DepressionandFatalityRateD、DepressionHurtstheHeartB主旨题。本文通篇谈论得都是选项B的内容,干扰项C不免失之偏颇,没能涵盖该文主
患者,女,36岁。诊断为风湿热8年。门诊坚持每月肌注长效青霉素120万U。近日因受凉后感冒,出现发热、咽痛、流涕、心悸症状。来社区门诊看病。查体:T38.2℃,咽红,扁桃体Ⅱ度肿大,心率109次/分,无杂音,双肺音清,未及啰音。社区医院医生进一步处理包
A.真武汤合五苓散B.大补阴丸合猪苓汤C.参芪麦味地黄汤D.桂枝茯苓丸合五苓散E.知柏地黄丸治疗肾病综合征阴虚湿热证,应首选()
A.甲氨蝶呤B.阿霉素C.DA方案D.环磷酰胺E.VP方案急性淋巴细胞白血病
甲单位是属于国家财政拨款的事业单位。2014年,该单位发生以下事件:(1)2月,甲单位根据预算安排拟采购一台纳入政府采购集中采购目录的实验设备A。甲单位决定选择邀请招标方式自行采购。甲单位向乙、丙、丁3家供应商发出投标邀请书,最终选择了乙企业并与
在房地产估价中,建筑物折旧=建筑物重新购建价格-()。
由汇票付款人承诺在汇票到期日支付汇票金额的票据行为是()。
转移支付是指政府或企业无偿地支付给个人或下级政府,以增加其收入和购买力的费用,是政府或企业的一种不以取得商品或劳务作补偿的支出,是一种收入再分配的形式。根据上述定义,下列属于转移支付的是:
一堆棋子中,白棋子的数量是黑棋子的2倍。从这堆棋子中每次取出白棋子5颗、黑棋子3颗,等黑棋子取完时,白棋子还剩10颗。问:这堆棋子中白棋子比黑棋子多几颗?
最新回复
(
0
)