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  3. A number of processes or phases have been identified as typical of creative thinking.【F1】In what logically would be the first ph

A number of processes or phases have been identified as typical of creative thinking.【F1】In what logically would be the first ph

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问题     A number of processes or phases have been identified as typical of creative thinking.【F1】In what logically would be the first phase(i. e. , preparation), the thinker assembles and explores his resources and perhaps makes preliminary decisions about their value in solving the problem at hand.【F2】Incubation represents the next period, in which he mulls over possibilities and shifts about from one to another relatively free of any rigid rational or logical preconceptions and constraints. Incubation seems to be at least partly unconscious, proceeding without the individual’s full awareness. Illumination occurs when resources fall into place, and a definite decision is reached about the result or solution. Verification(refinement or polishing), the process of making relatively minor modifications in committing ideas to final form, follows. Often enough, objective standards for judging creative activity(e. g. , musical composition)are lacking; an important criterion is the emotional satisfaction of the creator. Although the four phases have been ordered in a logical sequence, they often vary widely and proceed in different orders from one person to the next. Many creative people attain their goals by special strategies that are not neatly describable.
    The phases of preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification are characteristic of creative thinkers generally but do not guarantee that a worthwhile product will ensue.【F3】Results also depend on whether an individual has the necessary personality characteristics and abilities; in addition, the quality of creative thinking stems from the training of the creator. The artist who produces oil paintings needs to learn the brushing techniques basic to the task; the scientist who creates a new theory does so against a background of previous learning. Further, creativity intimately blends realistic(objective)and autistic(subjective)processes; the successful creator learns how to release and to express his feelings and insights.
    Creative thinking is a matter of using intrinsic resources to produce tangible results. This process is markedly influenced by early experience and training.【F4】School situations, for example, that encourage individual expression and that tolerate idiosyncratic or unorthodox thinking seem to foster the development of creativity.
    While the processes of creative thinking in artistic and scientific pursuits have much in common, there are also distinctive differences.【F5】The artist places more importance on feeling and individual expression, often going to extremes to divorce himself from environmental constraints. The scientist relies more on disciplined, logical thinking to lead him in new directions. Artistic endeavour is dominantly expressive(although clearly oriented toward a goal), while scientific inventiveness is dominantly disciplined(although flexibly receptive to feelings and to imaginative experiences).
【F5】
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答案艺术家更加重视感觉和个人表达，往往走向极端，与周围环境格格不入。科学家更加重视训练有素的逻辑思维，引导他走向新的方向。
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