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  3. In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the e

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the e

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问题     In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers, would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fucks’ support this assumption. Fucks’ results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry com- posed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.
   In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis. Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’ s  research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’ s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers ad consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
   One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women, In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
   Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact the women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
选项 A、Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers?
B、How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment?
C、The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings.
D、The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings.
答案D
解析 文章一开始就指出：在完全自由开放的市场经济中，政府雇主或私人雇主对男女间的薪金差别没有多大影响。然而，若存在性别歧视，那政府和私人雇主的歧视程度不可能相同。歧视程度的差异导致工薪的差异，政府组建企业中妇女工薪比私人企业中的高14.6%，这就是“相对的效应”。
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