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  3. Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

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问题     Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, Americans are getting less sleep than they did in the past.【F1】A 2005 National Sleep Foundation poll found that Americans averaged 6.9 hours of sleep per night, which represents a drop of about two hours per night since the 19th century, one hour per night over the past 50 years, and about 15 to 25 minutes per night just since 2001.
    Unfortunately, we are not very good at perceiving the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania restricted volunteers to less than six hours in bed per night for two weeks. The volunteers perceived only a small increase in sleepiness and thought they were functioning relatively normally.【F2】However, formal testing showed that their cognitive abilities and reaction times progressively declined during the two weeks. By the end of the two-week test, they were as impaired as subjects who had been awake continuously for 48 hours.
    Moreover, cognitive and mood problems may not be the only consequences of too little sleep. Researchers at the University of Chicago have shown that too little sleep changes the body’s secretion of some hormones.【F3】The changes promote appetite, reduce the sensation of feeling full after a meal, and alter the body’s response to sugar intake—changes that can promote weight gain and increase the risk of developing diabetes.
    A recent review by a team from Harvard Medical School found that all of the large studies that followed people over time agreed that short sleep duration was associated with future weight gain.【F4】This connection was particularly strong in children; all 31 studies in children showed a strong association between short sleep duration and current and future obesity. For example, a study by Susan Redline and colleagues at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine showed an inverse correlation between sleep duration and obesity in high-school-age students.【F5】The shorter the sleep, the higher the likelihood of being overweight, with those getting six to seven hours of sleep more than two and a half times as likely to be overweight as those getting more than eight hours.
    We have many opportunities to avoid sleep—lights, electronic devices, and other entertainment offer round-the-clock temptations. But we must recognize the importance of sleep and make it a priority to get enough. It is a lot easier to prevent weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease by getting enough sleep than it is to treat these problems once they develop.
【F4】
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答案这种联系在儿童身上表现得尤其明显：所有关于儿童的31项研究表明,儿童的睡眠时间不足与现在或将来的肥胖症有密切联系。
解析 本句结构并不复杂，冒号前的句子是简单句，冒号后的句子是对前面分句的补充说明。本句翻译的重点在于对strong的翻译。strong最常见的意思是“强壮的，强健的”，在本句中第一个strong应根据上下文译成“明显的”，而第二个strong则应该根据句意译成“紧密的”。
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