首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder
admin
2014-01-17
63
问题
Unlike any other scientific topics, consciousness—the first-person awareness of the world around—is truly in the eye of beholder. I know I am conscious. But how do I know that you are?
Through logical analogy—I am a conscious human being, and therefore you as a human being are also likely to be conscious—I conclude I am probably not the only conscious being in a world of biological pup pets. Extend it to other creatures, and uncertainty grows. Is a dog conscious? An elm? A rock?
"We don’t have the mythical consciousness meter," said Dr. Chalmers, a professor of philosophy and director of the Center for Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona. "All we have directly to go on is behavior." So without even an elementary understanding of what consciousness is, the idea of instilling it into a machine—or understanding how a machine might evolve consciousness—becomes almost unfathomable①.
The field of artificial intelligence started out with dreams of making thinking or conscious machines, but to debate, its achievements have been modest. The field has evolved to focus more on solving practical problems like complex scheduling tasks than on imitating human behavior.
But many believe that the original goals of artificial intelligence will be attainable within a few decades.
Some people, like Dr. Hans Moravec, a professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pitts burgh, believe a human being is nothing more than a fancy machine, and that it will be possible to build a machine with the same features, that there is nothing magical about the brain and biological flesh. "I’m confident we can build robot with behavior that is just as rich as human being behavior," he said. "You could quiz it as much as you like about its internal mental life, and it would answer as any human being." To Dr. Moravec, if it acts consciously, it is conscious. To ask more is pointless.
Dr. Chalmers, regards consciousness as an unutterable trait, and it may be useless to try to pin it down. "We’ve got to admit something here is irreducible," he said. "Some primitive precursor conscious ness could go all the way down" to the smallest, most primitive organisms, he said. Dr. Chalmers too sees nothing fundamentally different between a creature of flesh and blood and one of metal, plastics and electronic circuits. "I’m quite open to the idea that machines might eventually become conscious," he said, adding that it would be "equally weird". And if a person gets into involved conversations with a robot about everything from Kant to baseball, "We’ll be as practically certain they are conscious as other people," he said. "Of course, that doesn’t resolve the theoretical question".
But others say machines, regardless of how complex, will never match people.
The arguments can become mysterious. In his book Shadows of the Mind, Dr. Roger Penrose, a mathematician at Oxford University, enlisted the incompleteness theorem in mathematics. He uses the theorem, which states that any system of theorems will invariably include statements that cannot be proven, to argue that any machine that uses computation—and hence all robots—will invariably fall short of the accomplishments of human mathematicians. Instead, he argues that consciousness is an effect of quantum mechanics in tiny structures in the brain that exceeds the abilities of any computer②.
The case of Dr. Roger Penrose intends to ______.
选项
A、indicate that robot is much more intelligent than human beings
B、reveal the futility of human beings in the mathematics’ problem solving
C、show the weakness of the robot in some areas and it is not omniscient
D、tell us artificial intelligence is no more clever than human beings
答案
C
解析
事实细节题。根据文章末段第三句话,Dr.Roger Penrose认为机器也无法摆脱不完备性的缺陷,可以排除选项A ,而确定正确答案为C 。选项B 只是用来说明问题的论据,而选项 D 不是Dr.Roger Penrose的初衷,予以排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ruFK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Languagestyleaffectslong-termrelationshipstrengthandthecompatibilityofexistingandwould-becouples,suggestsanewst
AnF-22aircraftcrashedinAlaskawhenthepilotwas
BilingualeducationiscontroversialintheUnitedStates.【C1】______,agrowingbodyofresearchshowsthat【C2】______speakingtw
BilingualeducationiscontroversialintheUnitedStates.【C1】______,agrowingbodyofresearchshowsthat【C2】______speakingtw
Nowherebutaroundthismountainarea______suchkindofcustominthepasttwentyyears.
Drunkendriving—sometimescalledAmerican’ssociallyacceptedformofmurder—hasbecomeanational【C1】______Everyhourof
Drunkendriving—sometimescalledAmerican’ssociallyacceptedformofmurder—hasbecomeanational【C1】______Everyhourof
HowmuchdidU.S.retailsalesriselastmonth?
Blakehadbeeninverylowwaterformonths--almostunderwaterpartofthetime--duetocircumstanceshewasfondofsayingwer
Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he______abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.(2005年考试真题)
随机试题
下列说法中有误的是()
以下属于木的特性有
建设项目的进度控制计划包括()等,逐步由宏观到微观、由粗到细编制完成。
下列选项中,属于产业规划编制的原则有()
城市规划的实施体系的目的就是将经法定程序批准的法定规划付诸实施,其基本内容包括()。
小明构成累犯,下列表述错误的有()。
下列各项对产品成本的分析方法中,属于构成比率分析的是()。
下列各句中,没有语病的一句是:
我国有权行使国家立法权的国家机关是()。
当企业的经营目标保持不变时,企业模型就应该保持正确和不变,该特性称为企业模型的______。A)完整性B)实用性C)持久性D)可变性
最新回复
(
0
)