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  3. (1)One meaning of the Greek word_ "dran” is to accomplish， and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A

(1)One meaning of the Greek word_ "dran” is to accomplish， and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A

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问题 (1)One meaning of the Greek word_ "dran” is to accomplish， and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A play concerns a human agent attempting to accomplish some purpose. In tragedy his attempt is， in personal terms at least， unsuccessful; in comedy it is successful; in the problem play final accomplishment is often either ambiguous or doubtful．
  (2)This action，from the beginning to the end of a movement toward a purposed goal must also have a middle；it must proceed through a number of steps，the succession of incidents which make up the plot．Because the dramatist is concerned with the meaning and logic of events rather than with their casual relationship in time，he will probably select his material and order it on a basis of the operation．in human affairs，of laws of cause and effect．It is in this causal relationship of incidents that the element of conflict．present in virtually all plays，appears．
  The central figure of the play—the protagonist—encounters difficulties；his purpose or purposes conflict with events or circumstances，with purposes of other characters in the play，or with cross．purposes which exist within his own thoughts and desires．These difficulties threaten the protagonist’s accomplishment.(3)In other words，they present complications，and his success or failure in dealing with these complications determines the outcome．(4)Normally，complications build through the play in order of increasing difficulty：one complication may be added to another，or one may grow out of the solution of a preceding one．At some point in this chain of complication and solution，achieved or attempted，the protagonist performs an act or makes a decision which irrevocably commits him to a further course．points toward certain general consequences．(5)This point is usually called the crisis；the complications and solutions which follow work out the logical steps from crisis to final resolution，or denouement．
【5】
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答案(5)这个点通常被称为危机，接下来出现的复杂问题和解决方法构成了从危机到最后解决危机，即结局的逻辑步骤。
解析 【参考译文】
  (1)希腊词语“dran”的一个含义是“实现”，而这个含义正式进一步了解戏剧结构的关键所在。一部戏剧和一个试图实现某种目的的人有关。在悲剧中，他的动机至少在个人层面上是不成功的；而在喜剧中却是成功的。在(社会)问题剧中最后实现的目的要么是模糊不清的要么是悬而未决的。
  (2)从戏剧的开始到实现某个有意识的目的的结束，这个情节必定有一个中间过渡。它必须经历几个步骤，即构成这个情节的一系列的事件。由于剧作家关注的是事件的含义与逻辑性而不是它们在时间上的偶然关联，因此他可能会选择相应的素材并按照人和人之间的事件因果关系的一般规律进行排序。于是这些事件的因果关系中包含了几乎所有戏剧中都存在的冲突的元素。
  戏剧的中心人物——主人公——遭遇困难，他的一个或多个目的与事件或环境发生冲突，与剧中其他人物的目的发生冲突，与存在于他的思想和欲望中相互矛盾的目的发生冲突。这些困难阻碍了主人公目的的完成。(3)换句话说，它们使事件变得复杂，而主人公能否成功地处理这些复杂事件决定了戏剧最终的结局。(4)一般而言，戏剧中的复杂事件是按照其困难的程度逐渐累积起来的：一个困难事件也许累加到另一个困难事件之上，或者在前一个困难事件解决之后出现。在问题复杂化和问题得到解决、实现了目的或企图实现目的构成的链条的某一点上，主人公完成一个行为或者做出一个必然使他进入进一步发展轨迹(造成某些一般结果的点)的决定。(5)这个点通常被称为危机，接下来出现的复杂问题和解决方法构成了从危机到最后解决危机，即结局的逻辑步骤。
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