首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a
admin
2012-01-14
51
问题
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose right to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong. At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remained. A series of revolutions in the preceding centuries had weakened the European monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state, as in Britain, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. It lasted longer in the few small states of Asia and Africa that had never come under direct colonial rule. By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, people were considered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the people were seen as constituting the state.
2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place. A liberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the people acting through elected representatives and where an elected executive is responsible to the will of the people as a whole.
The term
applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as
people’s democracies
, in which the Communist party holds the ultimate authority. Generally, liberal democracies follow the parliamentary
pattern
, with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independently elected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.
3 The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty became all-inclusive as citizenship rights were extended to classes formerly excluded and to women. The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life according to the will of the people, except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.
4 All democratic states, both parliamentary and presidential, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the well being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, particularly in the areas of social welfare, education, health and safety, and economic development.
5 The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time.
In these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state.
In some instances, monarchy gave way directly to dictatorship. In others, dictatorial regimes took over democratically organized states, notably in Eastern Europe in the years between the two world wars, in new states of Asia and Africa in the 1950s, and sporadically in Central and South America.
6 Authoritarian governments showed three principle characteristics. First, there was a head of state or leader with exceptional powers, with a party to support him. Second, the legislative body was elected by a system that prohibited parties opposed to the regime, and third, there was a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popular control. The most extreme position on these points was taken by Hitler’s totalitarian National Socialist State in the 1930s.
Glossary:
autocratic: characterized by unlimited power
autocratic: characterized by complete obedience to authority, lacking individual freedom
The word survived in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
选项
A、remained
B、developed
C、changed
D、returned
答案
A
解析
Survived means remained in this context. Clues: At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remained," ... while monarchs remained symbols of national unity...; It lasted longer in the few small states...; the stem-viv-= alive. (1.4)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/sRyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.Whatthe
HistoryofRefrigerationRefrigerationisaprocessofremovingheat,whichmeanscoolinganareaorasubstancebelowthee
Whatpercentageofthestudentsaremature?Howarethesuburbsdescribed?
Inthemiddlepart,Klaraneedstousea______.What’sthelastthingKlaraneedstodobeforegivingtheprofessorherproje
A、aportalB、anewworldofeducationC、adifferenttimeperiodC
WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.BeWellOnlineProgramme=interactivewebsitewithresourcestohelpreach
Whichgroupgavethefollowingadvice?TickColumnAifitwasmainlywomen.TickColumnBifitwasmainlymen.TickColumnCi
Completethetablebelow.WriteAiftherepairwillbedoneimmediately.Biftherepairwillbedoneduringthefollowingweek
Whattaskhasbeendistributedtoeachperson?TasksAAcknowledgementBMethodologyCBibliographyDLiteraturereviewERe
IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates.theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer associety’shero.Inthemindsof
随机试题
如何理解教育群体合作?联系实际,试论述教育群体合作的意义和作用。
无排卵型功血黄体功能不全
A.医疗机构B.乡镇卫生院C.城镇个体行医人员和个体诊所D.药品销售人员E.乡村中的个体行医人员和个体诊所()只能从具有《药品经营企业许可证》的药品经营企业采购药品,不得进行经营。性销售,不得将采购药品委托、承包给个人。
进口口岸()保费()
根据《统计法》规定,县级以上人民政府统计机构应当按照国家有关规定()。
甲公司2×20年发生的部分交易或事项如下:(1)1月1日,甲公司支付价款1000万美元购入美国A公司发行的3年期债券,作为其他债权投资核算,面值1000万美元,票面利率6%,于每年年末支付当年利息,实际利率6%,当日汇率为1美元=6.83元人民币。2
简述中学生心理辅导的主要方法。
计算下列极限.
科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中,人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常有这样的情形:由于研究的角度不同,掌握资料的差异,认识方法的不同,就会出现“横看成岭侧成峰,远近高低各不同”的情况,以致引起学术上的论争。因此,有作为的科学工作者都把反对的
下列关于服务器技术的描述中,错误的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)