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  3. Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

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问题     Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.【B16】________
    American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 【B17】________________
    In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 【B18】________
    Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 【B19】________________
    Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 【B20】________
    Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
    A ) Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
    B ) In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
    C ) He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
    D ) They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
    E ) Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
    F ) Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
    G ) For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
【B18】
选项
答案A
解析 本填空出现在第三段的段尾处，而且本段落开头也是继续出现了一种新的理论和新的代表人物：Franz Boas和a new theory of culture known as historical particularism。如果我们再定位一下文章后面的信息，就发现又出现了一个新的理论diffusionism，而且是以这样的形式出现的：But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism．这是在没有任何先期交待的情况下就直接出现了diffusionism。根据本文的描述顺序，每个理论出现时都会引出和阐述这种理论，包括本段落的particularism，因此我们推断起码在填空第5题之前的段落中，即填空第3题和4题中应该出现阐述diffusionism理论的信息。我们去定位剩余的待选项会发现，选项A)是唯一在描述diffusionism理论的选项。同时，我们注意到本段落之后的下一段也是在阐述Franz Boas具体做什么，而所有剩余的选项中也只有选项B)是在描述Franz Boas具体做什么。而填空5所在的段落是明显在谈论particularism和diffusionism两派的争论，选项A)和选项B)是肯定与填空5无关的。分析到这里，等于我们把追查的范围缩小到选项A)和选项B)，对应的填空为3题和4题，即我们只需要确定选项A)和选项B)在这两个填空之间怎么填即可。填空第4题之前的句子已知信息是在重点阐述Franz Boas具体做什么，从就近原则出发，选项B)的信息比起选项A)来更与之近似，因此比较容易确定选项B)应该填入4题，而选项A)应该填入3题。
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