2. 外语
  3. Second language acquisition theory seeks to quantify how and by what processes individuals acquire a second language. The predom

Second language acquisition theory seeks to quantify how and by what processes individuals acquire a second language. The predom

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问题     Second language acquisition theory seeks to quantify how and by what
processes individuals acquire a second language. The predominant theory of a【S1】______
second language acquisition was developed by the University of Southern
California’s Steven Krashen, but his influential theory is widely accepted in【S2】______
the language learning community.
    The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis actually fuses two fundamental
theories of how individuals learn languages. Krashen has included that there【S3】______
are two systems of language acquisition that are independent but related: the
acquired system and the learned system.
    The acquired system relates to the conscious aspect of language【S4】______
acquisition. When people learn their first language by speaking the language
naturally in daily interaction with others who speak his native language, this【S5】______
acquired system is at work. In this system, speakers are less concerned of the【S6】______
structure of their utterances than with the act of communicating meaning.
Krashen privileges the acquired system above the learned system.【S7】______
    The learned system relates to formal instruction where students engage in
formal study to require knowledge about the target language. For example,【S8】______
studying the rules of syntax is part of the learned system.
    The Monitor Hypothesis seeks to elucidate how the acquired system is
affected by the learned system. When second language learners monitor their
speech, they are applying their understanding learned grammar to edit, plan,【S9】______
and initiate their communication. This action can only occur when speakers
have ample time to think about the form and structure of their sentences. The
amount of monitoring occurs on a continuum. Some language learners over-
monitor and some use very little of their learned knowledge and are said to
under-monitor. Ideally, speakers strike a balance and monitor at a level where
they use their knowledge but are not over inhibited by it.【S10】______
【S3】
选项
答案included—concluded
解析 词义错误。该句意思是“Krashen总结出有两大语言习得体系”，include意思是“包含”，不符合句意，故将included改为concluded。
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