首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
admin
2015-08-29
88
问题
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she told me the story of the day’s sickest child. Before she sent the child to the emergency room in an ambulance, she told me, she gave her 50 milligrams per kilogram of ceftriaxone, a powerful antibiotic.
"You probably saved her life," I said, and my friend nodded: it was possible. Antibiotics represent a huge gift in the struggle against infant and child mortality, a triumph(or actually, many triumphs)of human ingenuity and science over disease and death, since the antibiotic era began back in the fourth and fifth decades of the 20th century.
But new research is looking at questions about the complex effects of antibiotics on bacteria, on individual children, and on populations building on a greatly increased awareness of how powerful antibiotics can be. and how important it is to use them judiciously.
Over the past 15 years or so, spurred by new realizations and new fears -about the risks of breeding resistant strains of bacteria, pediatricians in the United States have, as a group, cut back dramatically on prescribing antibiotics in situations where they may not be necessary. Parents, as a group, have become less likely to demand them.
"It’s actually been a remarkable change in practice from the mid-’90s on," said Dr. Jonathan Finkelstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital who studies antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, "and we did that by physicians and patients recognizing that antibiotics are quite effective, quite safe, but there’s no such thing as a free lunch, and as with any other medical decision, we have to weigh the risks and benefits of every treatment."
There has been a lot of discussion about whether ear infections should always be treated with antibiotics, or whether in some situations(older child, less ill)"watchful waiting" might be appropriate—but it’s also true that many of us have become much more reluctant to diagnose ear infections in borderline cases.
In a study that Dr. Finkelstein and his colleagues published this year, looking at antibiotic use in children in Massachusetts, the rate at which antibiotics were dispensed to the youngest group(3 to 24 months)had decreased 24 percent by 2008 - 2009 from 2000 - 2001. That drop was largely driven by a declining rate of diagnosis of ear infections.
We always knew there were immediate risks to antibiotics. Children could have allergic reactions. They could get diarrhea. Babies could get unpleasant yeast infections—severe diaper rash, thrush in the mouth. But still, the thinking back when I trained was that after the antibiotics, the body would return to normal.
"When antibiotics were developed, they were miraculous for all the reasons that you know," said Dr. Martin J. Blaser, the chairman of medicine at New York University School of Medicine. "With few exceptions, there was almost no long-term toxicity that was identifiable, and so everybody thought that if you took an antibiotic, it could produce some immediate upset—it could produce a rash, loose bowels—and then everything would return to normal, bounce back to normal. But in fact there was no real exploration of that. It just became an article of faith."
Dr. Blaser has devoted himself to a study of what is now called the microbiome, the bacterial population that lives on us and in us, and the effects of perturbing that population by antibiotic use. He and other researchers are asking questions about whether alterations in the microbiome may be linked to many different patterns of health, growth and disease. It’s an area of investigation that is still new, but changing quickly.
Last summer, Dr.Blaser’s group published a study in The International Journal of Obesity in which they analyzed growth data from a large group of British children: those treated with antibiotics when very young(under 6 months)showed increased weight gain by a year of age, and were 22 percent more likely to be overweight at age 3.
The influence of early antibiotics on the lungs has also been examined. A study in last month’s issue of the journal Pediatrics looked epidemiologically at another large population of children, and found an association between childhood antibiotic treatment and the later development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Every one of these researchers started with an antibiotic pledge of allegiance. "We clearly have to use antibiotics and are lucky to have them around," said Dr. Matthew P. Kronman, lead author on the bowel disease study, who is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases at the Seattle Children’s Hospital. "It’s just that we are still learning what all of their effects are."
What can we know from Dr. Blaser and his studies?
选项
A、People haven’t identified the long-term bad effects of antibiotics.
B、Alterations in the microbiome are found to be linked to many diseases.
C、He found people of all ages showed increased weight gain by using antibiotics.
D、He found an association between childhood antibiotic treatment and the later disease.
答案
A
解析
细节题。由题干关键词“Dr.Blaser’s studies”定位至第九段,由“With few exceptions,there wasalmost no long-term toxicity that was identifiable”可知,[A]是正确的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/t4OO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Therearesomanythingsaboutourlivesthatbelongtothecontentofculturethatitisimpossibletocoverthemall.Inthis
A、thinktheircultureisbeingdestroyedB、feelitisapitytolosetheparadiseC、havedifferentideasfromtheforeignersD、a
AccordingtoSharon,whoisthemostlylikelytofallvictimtohemochromatosis?
BarackObamainvitedapuzzlinggroupofpeopleintotheWhiteHouse:universitypresidents.Whatshouldonemakeofthesestran
Accordingtotheinterviewer,whichofthefollowingbestindicatestherelationshipbetweenchoiceandmobility?
Americaneconomistsoncespoofeduniversityeducationastheonlyindustryinwhichthosewhoconsumeitsproductdonotpurchas
Abouthalfoftheinfantandmaternaldeathsindevelopingcountriescouldbeavoidedifwomenhadusedfamilyplanningmethods
Theoilpriceswilldecreasesharplyinthelongrunmainlybecause______.
WorldBankPresidentRobertZoellicksaidhelpthatisneededforcountriesinwhichhigherfoodpricesarecausinghunger.Many
Theoppositionsupportersralliedinthecenterofthecapitalto
随机试题
有机防火堵料应具备的基本功能有()。
青霉素的作用机制是
设计概算的三级概算是指()。
下列各项税费中,应通过“应交税费”科目进行核算的有()。
我国地方政府预算不包括()。
下面是对社会公德的几种看法:观点一:社会公德维护公共利益,但会损害个人利益。观点二:社会公德很重要,但它与我没有多大关系。观点三:对熟悉的人,应该讲公德,对那些不认识的人没必要讲公德。观点四:社会公德可有可无,讲不讲
近代物理学的快速发展与一些物理学家的杰出贡献密不可分,下列关于科学家与他们的贡献说法正确的是()。
脱离物质的运动和脱离运动的物质都是不可想象的。因此,运动就是物质、物质就等同于运动。
根据一种心理学理论,一个人要想快乐就必须和周围的人保持亲密的关系。但是,世界上伟大的画家往往是在孤独中度过了他们大部分时光,并且没有亲密的人际关系。所以,上述这种心理学理论的结论是不成立的。以下哪项最可能是上述论证所假设的?
有3个关系R,S和T如下表所示:其中关系T由关系R和S通过某种操作得到,该操作为()。
最新回复
(
0
)