首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In its modern form the concept of "literature" die not emerge earlier than eighteenth century and was not fully developed until
In its modern form the concept of "literature" die not emerge earlier than eighteenth century and was not fully developed until
admin
2011-03-10
60
问题
In its modern form the concept of "literature" die not emerge earlier than eighteenth century and was not fully developed until the nineteenth century. Yet he conditions for its emergence had been developing since the Renaissance. The word itself came into English use in the fourteenth century, following French and Latin precedents; its root was Latin litter, a letter of the alphabet. Litterature, in the common early spelling, was then in effect a condition of reading: of being able to read and of having read. It was often close to the sense of modern literacy, which was not in the language until the late nineteenth century, its introduction in part made necessary b the movement of literature to a different sense. The normal adjective associated with literature was literate. Literary appeared in the sense of reading ability and experience in the seventeenth century, and did not acquire its specialized modern meaning until the eighteenth century.
Literature as a new category was ten a specialization of the area formerly categorized as rhetoric and grammar: a specialization to reading and, in the material context of the development of printing, to the printed word and especially the book, It was eventually to become a more general category than poetry or the earlier poesy, which had been general terms for imaginative composition, but which in relation to the development of literature became predominantly specialized, from the seventeenth century, to metrical composition and especially written and printed metrical composition. But literature was never primarily the active composition-- the "making"--which poetry had described. As reading rather than writing, it was a category of different kind. The characteristic use can be seen in Bacon ".learned in all literature and erudition, divine and humane"--and as late as Johnson "he had probably more than common literature, as his son addresses him in one of his most elaborate Latin poems." Literature, that is to say, was a category of use an condition rather than of production. It was a particular specialization of what had hitherto been seen as an activity or practice, and a specialization, in the circumstances, which was inevitably made in terms of social class. In its first extended sense, beyond the bare sense of "literacy" it was a definition of "polite" or "humane" learning, and thus specified a part interacted with a persist end emphasis on "literature" as reading in he "classical" languages. But still, in his first stage, into the eighteenth century, literature was primarily a generalized social concept, expressing a certain (minority) level of educational achievement. This carded with it a potential and eventually realized alternative definition of literature as "printed books: "the objects in and through which this achievement was demonstrated.
It is important that, within the terms of this development, literature normally included all printed books. There was not necessary specialization to "imaginative" works. Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience, and this included philosophy, history, and essays as well as poems. Were the new eighteenth century novels literature? That question was first approached, not by definition of their mode or content, but by reference to the standards of "polite" or "humane" learning. Was drama literature? This question was to exercise successive generations, not because of any substantial difficulty but because of the practical limits of he category. If literature was reading, could a mode written for spoken performance be said to be literature’, and if not, where was Shakespeare?
At one level the definition indicated by this development has persisted .Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience, and became an apparently objective category, of printed works of a certain quality. The concerns of a "literary editor" a "literary supplement" would still be defined in this way. But three complicating tendencies can then be distinguished: first, a shift from "learning" to "taste" or "sensibility" as a criterion defining literary quality; second, an increasing specialization of literature to "creative" or "imaginative" works; third, a development of the concept of "tradition" within national terms, resulting in the more effective definition of "a national literature." The source of each of these tendencies can be discerned from the Renaissance, but it was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most powerfully, until they became, in the twentieth century, in effect receive assumptions.
What challenged the definition of literature as reading in the eighteenth century?
选项
A、The emergence of novels.
B、The emergence of dramas.
C、The emergence of poems.
D、The emergence of essay.
答案
B
解析
文中第三段开头提到literature的含义中已经了所有出版的书,这其中包括哲学、历史、散文以及诗歌。因此排除选项C、D。文中提到“Was drama literature?…If literature was reading,could a mode written for spoken performance be said to be literature, and if not,where was Shakespeare?”如果文学是指阅读,那么戏剧这种记录言语行为的行事是否可以被看做阅读的一种呢?由此可见,此处对literature的含义提出了挑战。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/tXYO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HumanitiesDisciplinesInmanypeople’seyes,thehumanitiesdisciplinesseemtobedyingout.However,actually,studentsc
Variationsamongstateinsurancelawscancauseproblemsforfamilies.Ifyoudoyour
ThebiggestproblemfacingChileasitpromotesitselfasatouristdestinationtobereckonedwith,isthatitisattheendof
ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlyme
Cancunmeans"snakepit"inthelocalMayanlanguage,anditliveduptoitsnameasthehostofanimportantWorldTradeOrganiz
A、cannotscorehighmarksinmathandscienceB、haveexcellentacademicperformancebutdonotdoequallywellintheirlaborat
我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人,而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆,但这也暂且不提。这一类型的教育者的用心,毋庸置疑,当然是善意的。问题是,我们论“事”的时候,用心如何根本不重要,重要的是实际的后果,而教育的后果何其严重!在这种过度呵护的幼
HowtoPlanYourFutureCareerForafewmonthsbeforegraduation,universitystudentsarebusywithjobhunting.Severalpoi
A、Optimistic.B、Doubtful.C、Indifferent.D、Enthusiastic.B
A、Becauseitcostsless.B、Becauseteacherswilllearnquickly.C、Becauseitisrequiredbyexperts.D、Becausetheculturalpatt
随机试题
当小儿体重低于正常体重多少以上时即可诊断为营养不良
腹股沟韧带中部髂窝部
湿阻、食积、中满气滞者应慎用的药味是()。
加拿大人蒙特在美国两州均有经常居所,他与中国先进公司有业务往来关系,后双方产生争议,蒙特发现网络上有出自先进公司对其不良的言论,认为先进公司侵犯了其人格权,有关争议诉诸中国某法院,依我国《涉外民事关系法律适用法》,下列哪项是错误的?()
某测绘单位采用数字摄影测量方法生产某测区0.2m底面分辨率的数字正射影像图和1:2000数字线划图,测区为丘陵地区,经济发达,交通便捷,道路纵横交错,测区中心有一个大型城市,城区以高层建筑物为主,房屋密集。项目前期已完成全测区的彩色数码航空摄影、
背景甲工程公司中标承包某市一跨线桥,该桥为三跨现浇预应力混凝土连续箱梁结构,桥两端各有250m引道,其路面结构为20mm细粒式沥青混凝土表面层,40mm中粒式沥青混凝土中面层,60mm粗粒式沥青混凝土底面层,300mm石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石基层和200mm石
有一种捉猴子的陷阱,即把椰子挖空,然后用绳子绑起来,接在树上或固定在地上,椰子上留了一个小洞,洞里放了一些食物,洞口大小恰好只能让猴子空着手伸进去,而无法握着拳头伸出来,于是猴子闻香而来,将它的手伸进去抓食物,理所当然地,紧握的拳头便缩不出洞口,当猎人来时
Digital computer is controlled by internally stored programs and(66)of using common storage for all or part of a program and al
使用SQL命令不能创建的对象是
Veryoldpeopledoraisemoralproblemsforalmosteveryonewhocomesintocontactwiththem.Theirvalues,thiscan’tbe【B1】___
最新回复
(
0
)