2. 外语
  3. Babies’ Response For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things b

Babies’ Response For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things b

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问题                         Babies’ Response
    For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards": and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it also used to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months old would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights, and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make three turns to one side.     Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights close, although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights that pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there existed a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and brought it under intentional control.
Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.
选项 A、would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B、would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C、would continue the simple movements when it had enough to drink
D、would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
答案B
解析 本题考查考生对细节的把握。考的是婴儿何时会做出反应。文章第三段第三句话提供了明确的答案：Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. 选项A指出：他们在看到牛奶时会做出学会的动作。这与文章第三段第三句话矛盾。选项C指出：在有牛奶时他们可以继续简单的动作，这与文章第三段最后一句话矛盾，最后一句话He quickly found that children as young as four months old would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result，for instance，two left or two right，or even to make three turns to one side. 指出没有牛奶时，他们也能做出相当复杂的动作。选项D指出：他们在喝饱时会把头左右转动。这也与文章第三段最后一句话矛盾，所以正确答案是B。
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