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  3. Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and

Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and

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问题     Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a "counterculture", as participants in the informal economy, as inventors of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor—to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.
    The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as are the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding.
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答案 研究人员从个体、家庭、贫穷社区和地区、较大型的贫穷产生机制等角度，研究了穷人。研究人员也分析了他们作为犯罪的受害者、作为非主流的成员、作为大众文化的被动消费者、作为“反正统文化”的积极生产者、作为非正常经济的参与者、作为生存策略的发明者、作为一种经济负担、作为劳动力储备大军等角色时所产生的问题，这些都属于研究贫困的人所关注的问题。 就像穷人本身一样，精英分子以及他们在贫困的产生和重现过程中所起的作用也是研究贫困问题的一个有趣和重要的对象，这些精英分子在不穷的人中占据了为数不多的上层地位。这些精英分子对于穷人和贫穷有自己的认识。这影响着他们的决定和行动。迄今为止，对于这些方面，我们还不太了解，除了一些流行的老套说法对它们的大致描述。这些人也许忽视或否认自己的行动(和失职)对穷人的生活状况产生的客观影响，但许多社会学家却与他们的看法不同。随着贫困的产生和重现，应该制定法律条文来概括那些贫困所产生的问题，这些问题对穷人自身产生了深刻的、很大程度上还不为人所知的影响。总体来看，政治、教育和社会机构往往忽视，甚至损害穷人的利益。在建设交通、工业、贸易和旅游业基础设施时，穷人的居住地经常首先成为受害地区，被置于污染、噪声和拥堵的环境中。
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