2. 考研
  3. Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative

Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative

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问题     Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. Further more humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
    "Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos (human) and logos (the study of). By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
    Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
    All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
    Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. Tylor defined culture as "…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society". This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
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答案 人类无时无地不在探究他们所居住的这个世界，并且惊叹于自身所处的地方。人类有思想、有创造性，而且具有难以满足的求知欲。而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。因此，运用冷静和系统的方法对人类的丰富性与多样性进行研究，是至关重要的。我们希望通过这些研究获得的知识可以促进人与人之间以及人类与地球上的所有其他物种更加和谐地共存。 “人类学”一词起源于希腊语anthropos(人类)和logos(对……的研究)。顾名思义，人类学包含了对全人类的研究。 社会科学包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学等学科。每一学科下都包含一门与人类学密切相关的分支或专业。 一切社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一门以实地考察为导向的学科，在研究中需要广泛地运用比较法。强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 人类学的研究在很大程度上取决于文化观念。爱德华.泰勒爵士提出的文化概念是19世纪杰出的理论成就之一。泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括作为社会成员的个人所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯”。这一概念虽然简洁，但却含义深刻，它为认识和理解人类生活开辟了一条崭新的道路。泰勒关于文化的定义暗示出这样一个概念，即文化是后天习得的、与他人共享的和形成固定模式的行为。
解析     第一段描述了人类的一些特征，翻译时需要注意个别词的含义以及对它们的处理方式。首先thoughtful的含义为“深思的，体贴的”，这里其实是在强调人类有思想，因此应译为“有思想”；creative意为“有创造力的”，为与前面“有思想”形成意义上的对照和连贯，这里使用“有创造性”一词。
    定语从句in which they live修饰the environment，该定语从句较简短，可前置翻译为“自己的生存环境”；副词thus(因此，从而)引出结果，“subject…to”在文中表示“使服从”。
    翻译难点是后置定语的翻译。gathered first-hand是date的后置定语，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present是perspective的后置定语，其中past and present又是cultures的后置定语，中文习惯将定语放在所修饰的名词之前，因此本句的后置定语在翻译时均需调整语序，变成放在被修饰词前的前置定语；the emphasis on和the analysis of实际表达“强调”和“分析”的动作，故翻译时需将名词变为动词，分别译为“强调……”和“分析……”；a cross-cultural perspective也是名词形式，但其不能直接转换为动词形式，所以增译动词“采用”和其进行搭配。
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