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  3. Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

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问题      Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
     No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in salience: exceptions  can be found to any role. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
     A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a haft reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth  century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation  has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,  whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
     Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
Which of the following is wrong about professionals and amateurs?
选项 A、No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science.
B、Amateurs’ participation into scientific research has become more difficult.
C、There is no discriminations of professionals against amateurs in geology.
D、Entrance to professional geological journals has become harder for amateurs.
答案C
解析 C “在地质学上，已经不存在专家和业余爱好者的区别对待”与文章中的“Amateurs，on the．．．old way．The overall．．．for amateurs”不一致。故选C 项。
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