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  3. It may not be obvious, but hearing two languages regularly during pregnancy puts infants on the road to bilingualism by birth. A

It may not be obvious, but hearing two languages regularly during pregnancy puts infants on the road to bilingualism by birth. A

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问题     It may not be obvious, but hearing two languages regularly during pregnancy puts infants on the road to bilingualism by birth. According to new findings in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, infants born to bilingual mothers exhibit different language preferences than infants born to mothers speaking only one language.
    Psychological scientists Krista Byers-Heinlein and Janet F. Werker from the University of British Columbia along with Tracey Bums of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in France wanted to investigate language preference and discrimination in newborns. Two groups of newborns were tested in these experiments: English monolinguals (whose mothers spoke only English during pregnancy) and Tagalog-English bilinguals (whose mothers spoke both Tagalog, a language spoken in the Philippines, and English regularly during pregnancy). The researchers employed a method known as "high-amplitude sucking-preference procedure" to study the infants’ language preferences. This method capitalizes on the newborns’ sucking reflex—increased sucking indicates interest in a stimulus. In the first experiment,  infants heard  10 minutes of speech,  with every minute alternating between English and Tagalog.
    Results showed that English monolingual infants were more interested in English than Tagalog— they exhibited increased sucking behavior when they heard English than when they heard Tagalog being spoken. However, bilingual infants had an equal preference for both English and Tagalog. These results suggest that prenatal bilingual exposure may affect infants’ language preferences, preparing bilingual infants to listen to and learn about both of their native languages.
    To learn two languages, bilingual newborns must also be able to keep their languages apart. To test if bilingual infants are able to discriminate between their two languages, infants listened to sentences being spoken in one of the languages until they lost interest. Then, they either heard sentences in the other language or heard sentences in the same language, but spoken by a different person. Infants exhibited increased sucking when they heard the other language being spoken. Their sucking did not increase if they heard additional sentences in the same language. These results suggest that bilingual infants, along with monolingual infants, are able to discriminate between the two languages, providing a mechanism from the first moments of life that helps ensure bilingual infants do not confuse their two languages.
    The researchers observe that, "Monolingual newborns’ preference for their single native language directs listening attention to that language" and that, "Bilingual newborns’ interest in both languages helps ensure attention to, and hence further learning about, each of their languages." Discrimination of the two languages helps prevent confusion. The results of these studies demonstrate that the roots of bilingualism run deeper than previously imagined, extending even to the prenatal period.
According to Paragraph 3, language learning of an infant
选项 A、begins before it comes into the world.
B、is decided by its mother’s language preference.
C、is influenced by its lingual environment before birth.
D、depends on its language preference before birth.
答案C
解析 根据题干直接定位到第三段。该段指出胎儿在孕期所接触的语言环境会影响婴儿的语言偏好，从而为之后婴儿的语言学习做准备，所以C项正确。根据以上分析可同时排除B项；文中未提及婴儿是从什么时候开始学习语言，故A项不正确；文中仅说语言偏好能为学习语言做准备，但无法由此就推断出语言学习取决于语言偏好，D项过度推断，故错误。
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