2. 外语
  3. Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of around 150 words of what you have heard on the ANSWER SHEET

Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of around 150 words of what you have heard on the ANSWER SHEET

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问题     Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of around 150 words of what you have heard on the ANSWER SHEET. This part of the test carries ’30 points. You will hear the passage only once. At the end of the recording, you will have 25 minutes to finish this part.
    You may need to scribble a few notes to write your summary.
选项
答案 The term "globalization" has acquired considerable emotive force. Some view it as a process that is beneficial -- a key. to future world economic development -- and also inevitable and irreversible. Others regard it with hostility, even fear, believing that it increases inequality within and between nations, threatens employment and living standards and thwarts social progress. This brief offers an overview of some aspects of globalization and aims to identify ways in which countries can tap the gains of this process, while remaining realistic about its potential and its risks. Globalization offers extensive opportunities for truly worldwide development but it is not progressing evenly. Some countries are becoming integrated into the global economy more quickly than others. Countries that have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. Outward-oriented policies brought dynamism and greater prosperity to much of East Asia, transforming it from one of the poorest areas of the world 40 years ago. And as living standards rose, it became possible to make progress on democracy and economic issues such as the environment and work standards. By contrast, in the 1970s and 1980s when many countries in Latin America and Africa pursued inward-oriented policies, their economies stagnated or declined, poverty increased and high inflation became the norm. In many cases, especially Africa, adverse external developments made the problems worse. As these regions changed their policies, their incomes have begun to rise. An important transformation is underway. Encouraging this trend, not reversing it, is the best course for promoting growth, development and poverty reduction. The crises in the emerging markets in the 1990s have made it quite evident that the opportunities of globalization do not come without risks -- risks arising from volatile capital movements and the risks of social, economic, and environmental degradation created by poverty. This is not a reason to reverse direction, but for all concerned -- in developing countries, in the advanced countries, and of course investors -- to embrace policy changes to build strong economies and a stronger world financial system that will produce more rapid growth and ensure that poverty is reduced. How can the developing countries, especially the poorest, be helped to catch up? Does globalization exacerbate inequality or can it help to reduce poverty? And are countries that integrate with the global economy inevitably vulnerable to instability? These are some of the questions covered in the following sections. Economic "globalization" is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here. At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come into common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions -- both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity -- village markets, urban industries, or financial centers. The term "globalization" has acquired considerable emotive force. Some view it as a process that is beneficial-a key to future world economic development-and also inevitable and irreversible. Others regard it with hostility, even fear, believing that it increases inequality within and between nations, threatens employment and living standards and thwarts social progress. This brief offers an overview of some aspects of globalization and aims to identify ways in which countries can tap the gains of this process, while remaining realistic about its potential and its risks. Globalization offers extensive opportunities for truly worldwide development but it is not progressing evenly. Some countries are becoming integrated into the global economy more quickly than others. Countries that have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. Outward-oriented policies brought dynamism and greater prosperity to much of East Asia, transforming it from one of the poorest areas of the world 40 years ago. And as living standards rose, it became possible to make progress on democracy and economic issues such as the environment and work standards. By contrast, in the 1970s and 1980s when many countries in Latin America and Africa pursued inward-oriented policies, their economies stagnated or declined, poverty increased and high inflation became the norm. In many cases, especially Africa, adverse external developments made the problems worse. As these regions changed their policies, their incomes have begun to rise. An important transformation is underway. Encouraging this trend, not reversing it, is the best course for promoting growth, development and poverty reduction. The crises in the emerging markets in the 1990s have made it quite evident that the opportunities of globalization do not come without risks -- risks arising from volatile capital movements and the risks of social, economic, and environmental degradation created by poverty. This is not a reason to reverse direction, but for all concerned-in developing countries, in the advanced countries, and of course investors-to embrace policy changes to build strong economies and a stronger world financial system that will produce more rapid growth and ensure that poverty is reduced. How can the developing countries, especially the poorest, be helped to catch up? Does globalization exacerbate inequality or can it help to reduce poverty? And are countries that integrate with the global economy inevitably vulnerable to instability? These are some of the questions covered in the following sections. Economic "globalization" is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here. At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come into common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions-both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity -- village markets, urban industries, or financial centers.
解析     在写综述时，应特别注意文章的开头段落和结尾段落，在每个段落中，要特别注意主题句，即开头句和结尾句。要抓住文章的逻辑发展关系，了解文章的结构，并注意连词的使用。同时在听的过程中，做好笔记。
一、主干内容表达部分：这部分内容为文章的主干内容，是综述的主要点信息。
    1．  This brief offers an overview of some aspects of globalization and aims to identify ways in which countries can tap the gains of this process，while remaining realistic about its potential and its risks．
    [分析] 本句位于段落结尾，是全段的中心句。此外，根据This brief offers…结构可判断该句高度概括全文的主题，是全文框架性内容。
    2．Globalization offers extensive opportunities for truly worldwide development but it is not progressing evenly．
    [分析] 本句位于段落首，是全段中心。该句提出全球化是全球发展的机遇，这是全文讨论的重要内容之一，是全文框架性内容。
    3．This is not a reason to reverse direction，but for all concerned to embrace policy changes to build strong economies and a stronger world financial system that will produce more rapid growth and ensure that poverty is reduced．
    [分析] 本句位于段落结尾，是全段的总结。该句表达了讲话者对全球化的认识和展望，是全文重要内容之一，为全文框架性内容。
    4．Economic“globalization” is a historical process，the result of human innovation and technological progress．
    [分析] 本句位于段首，是全段中心。该句简明扼要地概括了全球化的本质，是全文重要内容之一，为全文框架性内容。
二、支持性细节表达部分：这部分内容为主要点的重要支持性细节，是综述的次要点信息。
    1．Some view it as a process that is beneficial．Others regard it with hostility．
    [分析] 本句简单概括了人们对全球化的普遍态度，为全文主题的展开奠定了基础，是重要的支持性细节。
    2．Countries that have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty．
    [分析] 本句紧接该段中心句，进一步解释了中心句的内容，以例证支持了全文重要观点，为综述提供了重要信息，因此是重要的支持性细节。
    3．  And as living standards rose，it became possible to make progress on democracy and economic issues such as the environment and work standards．
    [分析] 本句为该段结尾句，深化了该段主要内容，因此是重要的支持性细节。
    4．By contrast，in the 1970s and 1980s when many countries in Latin America and Africa pursued inward-oriented policies，their economies stagnated or declined，poverty increased and high inflation became the norm．
    [分析] 本句位于段首，是该段中心句。通过表示对比的信号词by contrast可判断，该句从采用典型事例，从反方面证明了全文的主要观点，因此是重要的支持性细节。
    5．The crises in the emerging markets in the 1990s have made it quite evident that the opportunities of globalization do not come without risks——risks arising from volatile capital movements and the risks of social，economic，and environmental degradation created by poverty．
    [分析] 本句位于段首，点明本段讨论的主题。本句与全文重要内容相呼应：全球化既带来机遇又带来危险。该句平衡了全文观点，并为说者在该段结尾处的全文重要见解起了铺垫作用，因此是重要的支持性细节。
    6．It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world，particularly through trade and financial flows．
    [分析] 本句是对全段中心，亦全文主要内容的进一步阐释，因此是重要的支持性细节。
    7．The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people(labor)and knowledge (technology) across international borders．
    [分析] 本句是对全段中心，亦全文主要内容的进一步阐释，因此是重要的支持性细节。
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