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  3. 　　Many psychologists, myself included, use the third-person perspective theme in their work in a variety of ways. Narrative ther

　　Many psychologists, myself included, use the third-person perspective theme in their work in a variety of ways. Narrative ther

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问题 　　Many psychologists, myself included, use the third-person perspective theme in their work in a variety of ways. Narrative therapy, for example, encourages clients to look at troublesome thoughts or tragic events from a bird’s-eye view instead of from their own perspective. It’s an effective way to view frustrating events from a distance, reduce the emotional intensity and get an objective perspective that allows you to consider other factors that the emotional brain eclipses. Other forms of this theme include first-name self-talk in which you refer to yourself by name or use third-person pronouns such as "he" "she" or "they".
    University of Michigan psychologist Ethan Kross conducted research into the value of first-name self-talk as a way to disable social anxiety before and after a stressful event when people often ruminate about their performance. Kross gave 89 participants five minutes to prepare a speech. Half were told to use only "I" to refer to themselves while the other half were told to use their names. The "I" group had greater anxiety with such comments as, "There’s no way I can prepare a speech in five minutes," while the name group had less anxiety and expressed confidence using self-talk such as, "Bryan, you can do this. " The name group was also rated higher in performance by independent evaluators and were less likely to ruminate after the speech. Other studies also show that first-name self-talk is more likely to empower you and increase the likelihood that, compared to someone using "I" self-talk, you see a challenge instead of a threat.
    Clayton Critcher and David Dunning at the University of California at Berkeley conducted a series of studies showing that positive affirmations function as " cognitive expanders," bringing a wider perspective to diffuse the brain’s tunnel vision of self-threats. Their findings show that self-affirmations help us transcend the zoom-lens mode by engaging the wide-angle lens of the mind. Self-affirmations helped research participants see themselves more fully in a broader self-view, bolstering their self-worth.
    Studies from the University of Wisconsin show that compassion and kindness affect brain regions that make you more empathetic. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers discovered that brain circuits used to detect emotions were dramatically changed in subjects who had extensive practice in positive meditation. Instead of coming down hard on yourself, loving-kindness gives you an outside perspective, helping you bounce back quicker. A survey of 119 Carleton University students who took the viewpoint of an outside observer after procrastinating on the first midterm exam were less likely to delay studying for the second one.
    These findings contribute to a growing body of research which shows that retrieving memories is an active process. Adopting an observer-like perspective involves viewing the past in a way which requires greater interaction among brain regions that support our ability to recall the details of a memory and to recreate mental images in our mind’s eye.
What can we learn from Paragraph 1?
选项 A、Psychologists tend to overuse narrative therapy.
B、The treatment of psychological diseases is complex.
C、Sub-personalities should not be neglected in therapy.
D、Objectivity helps clients to notice neglected factors.
答案D
解析 细节题。第一段作者从自身工作经历的角度阐述了心理存在问题的人从第三人称视角看待自己的经历会带来怎样的好处，从第三人称的宏观视角看令人沮丧的事情，会让情绪不那么激动，增加客观性，使病人看到那些可能被情绪所掩盖的其他因素，看到之前没有看到的因素，因此答案选[D]。[A][B][C]都片面曲解了第一段的主要意思。
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