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  3. Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intr

Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intr

admin2013-09-16  58
问题     Acidification, warming, the destruction of coral reefs: the biggest problems facing the sea are as vast, deep and seemingly intractable as the oceans themselves. So long as the world fails to cut its emissions of greenhouse gases, cause of the global warming behind these troubles, they will grow. By comparison, overfishing, another great curse, should be easier to put right, especially in the coastal waters where most fishing occurs. And yet it goes on, year after year.
    One reason why the pillage continues is that knowledge of fish stocks is poor. A new statistical attempt at estimating the remaining shoals, from the University of California, Santa Barbara, is therefore welcome. The study found that better-understood fisheries are likelier to be healthy. Another reason for overfishing is new technology(developed, aptly enough, for battlefields), which makes shoals easier to detect. As large boats and refrigeration have’spread, fishing fleets have covered greater distances and dragged larger catches. Because technology lets fishermen fish with less effort, it disguises just how fast the stocks are depleting.
    In most fisheries, the fishermen would make more money by husbanding their resource, and it should be possible to incentivise them to do so. The best way is to give them a defined, long-term right to a share of the fish. In regulated industrial fisheries, as in Iceland, New Zealand and America, this has taken the form of a tradable, individual share of a fishing quota. Developing countries, where law enforcement is weak, seem to do better when a group right over an expanse of water is given to a co-operative or village fleet. The principle is the same: fishermen who feel like owners are more likely to behave as responsible stewards. The new statistical study confirms that rights-based fisheries are generally healthier.
    Yet only a few hundred of the oceans’ thousands of fisheries are run this way, mainly because such schemes are hard to get right. Limiting access to a common resource creates losers, and therefore discord. Cultural differences affect success rates; not everyone is as law-abiding as Icelanders. Almost everywhere it takes time to convince fishermen, the last hunter-gatherers, to change their habits. But, barnacled by caveats though it may be, the rights-based approach is the best available.
    In rich countries, satellite imagery will increasingly help, by making monitoring cheaper and better. In many poor ones, devolution is making it easier to form local organisations. Another promising idea is to incorporate rights-based fisheries with no-catch zones. These safeguard breeding-stocks and are easier to monitor than individual catches. Where stocks are recovering, as a result of these reforms, fishermen are likelier to see scientifically determined quotas as in their self-interest.
According to the author, the key to fishing reform is______.
选项 A、to define a proper duration of fishing right
B、to introduce a reasonable fishing quota
C、to harmonize fishermen-fishery relationship
D、to assign fishermen some rights to fisheries
答案D
解析 第三段采用“总分总”的结构就渔业改革提出了建议：前两句首先指出应赋予渔民一个确定的长期捕捞份额的权利，以鼓励渔民节约利用渔业资源；随后分别指出在“法制规范”和“法制较薄弱”的国家该如何具体实施；段末两句总结指出：渔民们有了主人翁的意识，才会更负责任地对待渔场，渔场才能健康发展。由此可见，渔业改革的关键在于赋予渔良一定的权利，[D]选项正确。
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