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  3. A woman with a twin brother has fewer children. Twin brothers can leave quite an impression. The mere presence of a boy in the s

A woman with a twin brother has fewer children. Twin brothers can leave quite an impression. The mere presence of a boy in the s

admin2021-02-21  93
问题     A woman with a twin brother has fewer children. Twin brothers can leave quite an impression. The mere presence of a boy in the same womb as his sister causes her to develop bigger teeth than she otherwise would. Girls with twin brothers perform better on spatial-ability tests. They have better ball skills than most females and are more likely to be short-sighted. Now it seems that sharing the womb also has a harmful effect on the sexual reproduction of women with a twin brother.
    Virpi Lummaa of the University of Sheffield, in Britain, and her colleagues made the claim after studying detailed data from several generations of church records from many parishes in Finland. They report that women with a twin brother were 15% less likely to get married than were women with a twin sister. Those with a male twin also had a 25% lower chance of giving birth even though they lived just as long as those with a female twin. When the researchers considered only married women, those with a twin brother on average had two fewer children during their lifetimes than did women with a twin sister. And finally—to rule out any influence of sharing a house as well as a womb—Dr Lummaa checked the results were the same for women whose twin brothers died before they were three months old. The researchers reported their findings in this week’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
    As with the teeth, the supposed cause of untypical female biology is early exposure to testosterone. This hormone is made by a male fetus’s developing testes from about seven weeks after conception and is thought to diffuse, thus influencing his sister’s growth. But the exact mechanism by which a twin brother lowers his sister’s chances of reproductive success is unclear.
    Dr Lummaa’s results also suggest that, if a woman wishes to maximize the chances of passing on her genes, she would do better to avoid producing pairs of twins consisting of one boy and one girl and go for a single-sex combination instead. Mothers included in the study who produced opposite-sex twins had 19% fewer grandchildren than did mothers who gave birth to same-sex twins.
    Evolutionary theory thus predicts that there should be fewer pairs of girl-and-boy non-identical twins than single-sex pairs of non-identical twins. Whether that is so requires another set of figures. Finnish church records, helpful as they are, do not distinguish non-identical same-sex twins from identical ones. In the eyes of God, unlike those of natural selection, twin girls are created equal.
According to Virpi Lummaa and her colleagues, women with twin brothers
选项 A、encounter more difficulties in getting married than only-child women.
B、raise two more children during their lifetime than women with a twin sister.
C、enjoy a much shorter longevity than women whose female twins died early.
D、present a reproduction rate a quarter less than those with a female twin.
答案D
解析 推理判断题。根据Virpi Lummaa和her colleagues定位到第二段。题干考查的是龙凤胎中女性的情况。文中提到相较双凤胎中的女性，龙凤胎中的女性生育几率降低了25％，即四分之一，此外原文中的giving birth与reproduction为同义表达，故D项正确。
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