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  3. PEST CONTROL (1) Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nu

PEST CONTROL (1) Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nu

admin2022-09-29  16
问题                                                 PEST CONTROL
    (1) Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nuisance pests and are usually regulated by native predators and parasites. This situation is not true for non-indigenous pests in North America, such as brown rats and cockroaches. After centuries, it is evident that these pests cannot be eradicated. The best that can be done is to introduce pest control measures that will control their numbers.
    (2) An ancient and popular means of pest control is chemical control. For example, the Sumerians used sulfur to combat crop pests, and by the early 1800s such chemicals as arsenic were used to combat insect and fungal pests.
    (3) However, chemical control has its dark side. Chemical pesticides have many unintended consequences through their effects not just on the target species but. on a wide array of non-target species as well, often eliminating them and thereby upsetting the existing food webs, especially through the suppression of native predator species. The surviving pests then rebound in greater numbers than ever.
    (4) Perhaps more insidious is that a pesticide loses its effectiveness because the target species evolves resistance to it. As one pesticide replaces another, the pests acquire a resistance to them all. [A] Some species, notably certain mosquitoes, have overcome the toxic effects of every pesticide to which they have been exposed. [B] Insect pests need only about five years to evolve pesticide resistance, but their predators do so much more slowly. [C] So after the pests develop resistance, pest outbreaks become even more disastrous. [D]
    (5) Farmers long ago observed that enemies of pests act as controls. As early as 300 A.D., the Chinese were introducing predatory ants into their citrus orchards to control leaf-eating caterpillars. Insect pests have their own array of enemies in their native habitats. When an animal or plant is introduced, intentionally or unintentionally, into a new habitat outside of its natural range, it may adapt to the new environment and leave its enemies behind. Freed from predation and finding an abundance of resources, the species quickly becomes a pest or a weed. This fact had led to the search for natural enemies to introduce into populations of pests to reduce their populations.
    (6) Because the serious pest is usually a nonnative species, biological control involves the introduction of a non-indigenous predator or parasite to control the pest. The introduction of the cactus-eating moths, a native of Argentina, into Australia effectively reduced and controlled the rapidly spreading prickly pear, which had been introduced into Australia in 1901.
    (7) But biological control, like chemical control, can backfire. The success of the cactus-feeding moths in controlling prickly pear in Australia encouraged their introduction to several West Indies islands to control prickly pear there. In time the moths made their way to Florida, where they now threaten the existence of several native prickly pear species. The moral is that although using non-indigenous predators as biological controls can be effective, these species possess their own inherent dangers that must be assessed before they are released. They, too, can become alien invaders.
    (8) Because chemical, biological, and other methods used individually are obviously not the solution to pest control, entomologists have developed a holistic approach to pest control, called integrated pest management (IPM). IPM considers the biological, ecological, economic, social, and even aesthetic aspects of pest control and employs a variety of techniques. The objective of IPM is to control the pests not at the time of a major outbreak but at an earlier time when the size of the population is easier to control. The approach is to rely first on natural mortality caused by weather and natural enemies, with as little disruption of the natural system as possible, and to use other methods only if they are needed to hold the pests below the economic injury level.
    (9) Successful IPM requires the knowledge of the population ecology of each pest and its associated species and the dynamics of the host species. It involves considerable field work monitoring the pest species and its natural enemies by such techniques as egg counts and the trapping of adults to acquire information to determine the necessity, timing, and intensity of control measures. These control measures must be adjusted to the situation, which may vary from one location to another. The intensity of control or no control is based on the degree of pest damage that can be tolerated, the costs of control, and the benefits to be derived.
According to paragraph 5, why is a species likely to become a pest when it is introduced into a new habitat?
选项 A、The species becomes more effective at escaping from its enemies.
B、The species has no natural predators in its new habitat.
C、The species adapts to habitats outside its natural range.
D、The species does not have to compete for resources with other plants and animals.
答案B
解析 本题属于事实信息题，要求考生根据第3段回答为什么一个物种在被引入一个新的栖息地时可能会变成害虫。原文第6段倒数第2句提到了原因：不用被捕食且有丰富的资源，对应B项“该物种在新的柄息地没有天敌”。A项“该物种会变得更擅长躲避天敌”没有依据。C项“该物种会适应其自然分布区以外的栖息地”不是该物种成为害虫的原因。D项“该物种不必和其他动植物争夺资源”，原文只是说它会有丰富的资源，不等于无须竞争。并且，从第5段最后一句可知，缺乏天敌才是导致它成为害虫的最根本原因。D项稍有偏差，不及B项适合，故排除D项。
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