首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Disease and History P1: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease condit
Disease and History P1: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease condit
admin
2018-10-18
62
问题
Disease and History
P1: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. In 1971, anthropologist Abdel Omran outlined three trends in the relationship between diseases and the human species and referred to them as the three "epidemiological transitions." For nearly four million years, humans lived in widely dispersed, nomadic, small populations that minimized the effect of infectious diseases. Early human ancestors must have suffered from new diseases every time they built a settlement in new surroundings. Infectious disease may not have had serious effects on large numbers of people or many different populations, however, since diseases would have had little chance of being passed on to many other humans.
P2: The first epidemiological transition occurred approximately 10,000 years ago, when early societies started to supplement existing food sources with domestication of some plants and animals after their migration. Increasing sedentism and population density resulted in the first widespread infectious and nutritional diseases. Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species. Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. Besides, the emergence of pre-agriculture also led to a relatively narrow selection of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of their nomadic counterparts, whose food was mainly derived from hunting and gathering. This could have led to nutritional deficiencies. Finally, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rodents. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that impact a great number of populations simultaneously, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.
P3: The second epidemiological transition commenced at the end of the nineteenth century and extended to the twentieth, involving improvements in nutrition, public health, and medicine. Many infectious diseases were finally brought under control or even eliminated during the second phase. There was a shift from acute infectious diseases to chronic non-infectious, degenerative diseases. The increasing prevalence of these chronic diseases was related to an increase in longevity; cultural advances resulted in a larger percentage of individuals reaching the oldest age segment of the population. In addition, many of these diseases shared common etiological factors related to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, leading to less physical activity, more mental stress, high-fat diets, and environmental pollution.
P4: However, on the heels of the second transition had came the third epidemiological transition, which dominates contemporary society. New diseases are emerging and old ones are returning. The emergence of infectious disease with multiple forms of antibiotic resistance has been one of the most intriguing evolutionary stories of the last decade. Researchers have identified more than two dozen novel pathogens and grappled with the evolution of antibiotic-resistant microbes in the past three decades. This evolution may have been encouraged by what some authorities consider an overuse of antibiotics, giving microorganisms a greater chance to evolve resistance by exposing them to a constant barrage of selective challenges. Some bacteria reproduce hourly, and so the processes of genetic mutation and natural selection are greatly sped up in these species.
P5: The engine that is driving the reemergence of many kinds of disease is ecological change that brings humans into contact with pathogens. As people and their products became more mobile, and as human populations spread into previously little-inhabited areas, cutting down forests and otherwise altering ecological conditions, we come into contact with other species that may carry diseases to which they are immune but that prove deadly to us. This presents a significant challenge to the countries facing a dual burden of infectious and chronic diseases.
P2: The first epidemiological transition occurred approximately 10,000 years ago, when early societies started to supplement existing food sources with domestication of some plants and animals after their migration.■ Increasing sedentism and population density resulted in the first widespread infectious and nutritional diseases. ■ Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species.■ Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. ■ Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. Besides, the emergence of pre-agriculture also led to a relatively narrow selection of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of their nomadic counterparts, whose food was mainly derived from hunting and gathering. This could have led to nutritional deficiencies; finally, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rodents. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that impact a great number of populations simultaneously, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.
According to paragraph 3, all of the following likely contributed to chronic disease EXCEPT
选项
A、longer life expectations
B、decreased physical activity
C、higher rates of poverty
D、changes in diet
答案
C
解析
【否定事实信息题】末2句提到这些慢性病的患病率增加与寿命增加有关;这些疾病与久坐不动的生活方式有关,也会导致较少的体力活动、更多的精神压力、高脂肪的饮食与环境污染。C选项未提及。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/vufO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethetablebelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.Talkingaboutthehistoryofbikes
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EffectsofurbanenvironmentsonanimalsIntroductionRecenturba
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EffectsofurbanenvironmentsonanimalsIntroductionRecenturba
meals本题有关该工作的工资待遇。录音原文中的with…provided是题目plus…的同义替换。
Whichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Theword"it"inline21refersto
Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassageprimarilyanswer?Theword"they"inline25refersto
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Theword"They"inline24refersto
WhichaspectoftheHomesteadActof1862doesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Theword"they"inline23refersto
Theword"it"inline3referstoAccordingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatthelargestextinctionofaspeciesoccurred
Theword"it"inline3referstoWhichofthefollowingcanbein
随机试题
某企业有关资料如下:(1)该公司于2009年末开始计提坏账准备,年末应收账款余额为500万元,经过减值测试,公司决定按0.5%计提坏账准备。(2)2010年3月经过核实,应收甲公司5800元和乙公司4200元的两笔货款已无法收回,转为坏账损失。(3)
阅读下面的文章,回答问题淡竹苏沧桑初秋,我和他相遇在江南湖州一个叫“百草原”的山林中。他是
桑杏汤的功用是
在烹调菠菜、茭白等蔬菜时,最常用的方法是用开水烫一下,去水后再炒,其目的是去除影响铁、钙吸收的因素,该影响因素是
关于单向板施工缝留置位置的说法,正确的是()。
2012年对东盟的货物出口额占总出口额的比重为:
在2011年世界知识产权组织公布的公司全球专利申请排名中,中国中兴公司提交了2826项专利申请,日本松下公司申请了2463项,中国华为公司申请了1831项,分别排名前三位。从这三个公司申请的专利中至少拿出多少项专利,才能保证拿出的专利一定有2110项是同一
在数据库中,与查询有关的是(1):与规范化方法有关的是(2):与完整性有关的是(3);与安全性有关的是(4);与并发性有关的是(5)。
目前使用的杀毒软件,能够
A、 B、 C、 C此题要求对烟花是否绚丽这一问题进行回答。(A)的语义不通,(B)是通过fireworks中的work一词设的陷阱。正确答案是(C)“比去年好很多”。much修饰比较级better。
最新回复
(
0
)