首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory/which explains alcoholism by considering alco
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory/which explains alcoholism by considering alco
admin
2013-11-29
62
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory/which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
选项
A、If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus generalization has occurred.
B、Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.
C、If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to induce him to drink.
D、The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage them to abstain from drinking.
答案
B
解析
此题可用排除法,A错误,“stimulus generalization”是指喝酒时的情绪状态本身具备了外界刺激的作用,从而引发酗酒;c错误,两种情形中的一种存在即可;D喝酒后的痛苦并不会遏制酗酒者继续喝酒;B项正确,从倒数第二段对punishment的分析可知。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/w2hO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
TheRenaissanceembraced,firstofall,animpressiverecordofnewachievementsinart,literature,science,philosophy,educat
Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattai
Writeacompositioninthetitle"IsUniversityExpansionaGoodThing?"basedonthefollowinggivenoutline.Yourcomposition
Atthefall2001SocialScienceHistoryAssociationconventioninChicago,theCrimeandJusticenetworksponsoredaforumonth
BeforehighschoolteacherKimberlyRughgotdowntobusinessatthestartofarecentschoolweek,shejokedwithherstudents
Cultureisactivityofthought,andreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanefeeling,【1】ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Am
Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-trodd
Hetriesto______himselfwitheveryonebypayingthemcompliments.
Asoneworkswithcolorinapracticalorexperimentalway,oneisimpressedbytwoapparentlyunrelatedfacts.Colorasseenis
Asoneworkswithcolorinapracticalorexperimentalway,oneisimpressedbytwoapparentlyunrelatedfacts.Colorasseenis
随机试题
FR酚醛树脂塑化剂的主要成分是
透水率的单位是()。
进度拖延是工程项目建设中经常发生的现象,对进度拖延原因分析可采用()。
项目资本金可以用货币出资,也可以用()作价出资。
下列不属于合成高分子材料的是()。
晚年丧偶不需要考虑的因素是( )。
下面关于个人信用报告异议的说法中,正确的是()。
根据《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》,对可能造成重大环境影响的项目,应当编制()。
政府在开展一个关于政府工作作风的评议活动,现在需要对群众在评议活动中所反映的情况进行调研,领导把这个任务交给你,你会怎么做?
从倒计时100天到50天,从一个月到一个星期,世游赛的筹办工作一步一个脚印,如今已是_______。开赛在即,各大功能设施纷纷宣告_______。填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是:
最新回复
(
0
)