首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Governments typically use two tools to encourage citizens to engage in civic behavior like paying their taxes, driving safely or
Governments typically use two tools to encourage citizens to engage in civic behavior like paying their taxes, driving safely or
admin
2013-06-26
56
问题
Governments typically use two tools to encourage citizens to engage in civic behavior like paying their taxes, driving safely or recycling their garbage: exhortation and fines. These efforts are often ineffective. As every successful parent learns, one way to encourage good behavior, from room-cleaning to tooth-brushing, is to make it fun. Not surprisingly, the same principle applies to adults.
In this spirit, the Swedish division of Volkswagen has sponsored an initiative they call The Fun Theory. Their first project is to get people to use a set of stairs rather than the escalator that ran alongside it. By transforming the stairs into a piano-style keyboard such that walking on the steps produced notes, they made using the stairs fun, and they found that stair use increased by 66 percent.
The musical stairs idea is more amusing than practical, so The Fun Theory sponsored a contest to generate other ideas. The winning entry suggested offering both positive and negative reinforcement to encourage safe driving. Specifically, a camera would measure the speed of passing cars. Speeders would be issued fines but some of the fine revenues would be distributed via lottery to drivers who were observed obeying the speed limit. A short test of the idea offered promising results.
This example illustrates an important behavioral point; many people love lotteries. In using lotteries to motivate it is important to get the details right. Participants are likely to find a lottery more enticing if they find out that they would have won. The Dutch government uses this principle very effectively. One of its state lotteries is based on postal codes. If your postal code is announced as the winner, you know that you would have won had you only bought a ticket. The idea is to play on people’s feelings of regret.
Lotteries are just one way to provide positive reinforcement. Their power comes from the fact that the chance of winning the prize is overvalued. Of course you can simply pay people for doing the right thing, but if the payment is small, it could well backfire. (If the total non-speeding-prize money had been divided up evenly among all those who drove within speed limit, I estimate that the price paid would have been about 25 cents per driver. Would anyone bother for that?)
An alternative to lotteries is a trequent-flyer-type reward program, where the points can be (redeemed for something fun. A free goodie can be a better inducement than cash since it offers that rarest of commodities, a guilt-free pleasure. This sort of reward system has been successfully used in England to encourage recycling. In the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead outside of London, citizens could sign up for a rewards program in which they earned points depending on the weight of the material they recycled. The points were good for discounts at merchants in the area. Recycling increased by 35 percent. The moral here is simple. If governments want to encourage good citizenship, they should try making the desired behavior more fun.
Dutch government bases one of their lotteries on postal codes in order to______.
选项
A、make the lottery drawing more fun
B、increases the chances of lottery winning
C、motivate people’s initiative to be involved
D、arouse a sense of regret over misconduct
答案
C
解析
文章第四段阐述了彩票在激励人们行为方面的特殊作用。如果彩民发现自己离大奖只差一步之遥,彩票对他们的诱惑就更大,因此在涉及彩票时,可以通过一些小细节增加人们参与的积极性。例如荷兰政府就发行了一款基于邮政编码的国家彩票,因为邮政编码是每个人身份的一种代表,因此这就给人们造成了一种人人都有机会中奖的感觉,从而调动人们参与的积极性。因此荷兰政府的这一设计目的是为了提升人们参与的积极性,[C]选项为正确答案。[A]和[B]两个选项错误,邮政编码的设计并不一定使抽奖过程更有趣,也不一定会提升人们的中奖几率,只是给人们造成一种中奖几率提升的错觉,目的还是提升人们参与的积极性。[D]选项利用原文的feelings of regret这个短语设置干扰选项,原文说的是因为人人都有邮政编码,因此一旦发现自己的邮政编码中奖,却因没有买彩票而损失了一笔奖金,这个时候人们就会追悔莫及。因此荷兰政府的彩票设计也利用了人们追悔莫及的心理。而不是这里所说的regret over misconduct,对“不端行为”的追悔。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/wKd4777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Accordingtotheauthor,applyingbiotechnologytoindustryAccordingtoparagraph4,______.
TaekoMizuguchirepresentsthekindofwomenwhoareThemajorfactorthatleadsJapanesewomentopostponetheirmarriageis
Studythecartoongivenbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words.Youressayshouldcoveralltheinformationofth
Inmychildren’slifetimes,Ibelievegorillas,chimpanzeesandorangutanswillallbecomeextinctinthewild.Sothequestion
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgo,FIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZu
Studythegraphbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words.Youressaymustcoveralltheinformationprovidedandme
Sometimespeopleequatemoney______happiness.
Theirwatchis______toalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.
Theincreasinglyhighratesofjuveniledelinquencyareagreatprobleminmodemsociety.Moreandmorepeoplearepayingspecia
MenorcaorMajorca?Itisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazin
随机试题
泰山之恩蔡家园关于泰山的来历,《述异记》中有这样一段记栽:“昔,盘古之死也,头为四岳,目为日月,脂膏为江海,毛发为草木。秦汉
______wechoosetheseventhfloorinsteadofthesixthofthenewbuilding?Doyouthinkthattherewillbemoresunshine?
A.0.32~0.44sB.0.06~0.10sC0.12~0.20sD.0.04~0.11sE.0.36~0.41sQT间期的正常值是
以下物质不属于膳食纤维的是
分配股利、偿付利息的现金属于现金流量表中的()产生的现金流量。
按照规定支付的土地补偿费和安置补助费,尚不能使需要安置的农民保持原有生活水平的,经省、自治区、直辖市政府批准,可以增加安置补助费。但土地补偿费和安置补助费的总和不得超过土地被征收前3年平均年产值的()倍。
患者,男性,40岁。诊断左肾结核,膀胱容量20ml,右肾严重积水伴尿毒症,宜首先行()。
当小机器人“金字塔漫游者”吃力地沿着长约64米的“南通道”独自向上攀爬时,这段90分钟的孤独之旅显得格外漫长,一如这昏暗的甬道本身的寿命。“人畏惧时间,而时间畏惧金字塔”这句阿拉伯谚语的真意,在此刻凸显无疑。这段文字意在强调()
(2010年真题)2007年12月31日,甲被人打伤,但直至2008年4月30日,甲才得知凶手是乙。2008年12月5日至2008年12月14日,甲因所在地发生地震,无法与外界联系。甲向人民法院起诉不丧失胜诉权的最后日期是
设文件索引节点中有8个地址项,每个地址项大小为4字节,其中5个地址项为直接地址索引,2个地址项为一级间接索引,1个地址项为二级间接索引。磁盘索引块和磁盘数据块大小为l:KB。若要访问文件的逻辑块号分别为8和518,则系统应分别采用(27),而且可以表示的单
最新回复
(
0
)