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  3. A life-style that apparently exists in all societies is marriage--a socially sanctioned union between a woman and a man with exp

A life-style that apparently exists in all societies is marriage--a socially sanctioned union between a woman and a man with exp

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问题     A life-style that apparently exists in all societies is marriage--a socially sanctioned union between a woman and a man with expectation that they will play the roles of wife and husband. After studying extensive cross-cultural data, the anthropologist George P. Murdock concluded that reproduction, sexual relations, economic cooperation, and the socialization of offspring are functions of families throughout the world. We now recognize that Murdock overstated the matter, since there are a number of societies--for instance, Israeli kibbutz communities--in which the family does not encompass all four o[ these activities. What Murdock describes are commonly encountered tendencies in family functioning in most cultures.
    Societies differ in how they structure marriage relationships. Four patterns are found: monogamy, one husband and one wife are found; polygyny, one husband and two or more wives; polyandry, two or more husbands and one wife; and group marriage, two or more husbands and two or more wives. Although monogamy exists in all societies, Murdock discovered that other forms may be not only allowed but preferred. Of 238 societies in this sample, only about one-fifth were strictly monogamous.
    Polygyny has been widely practiced throughout the world. The Old Testament reports that both King David and King Solomon had several wives. In his cross-cultural sample of 238 societies, Murdock found that 193 of them permitted husbands to take several wives. In one-third of these polygynous societies, however, less than one-fifth of the married men had more than one wife. Usually it is only the rich men in a society who can afford to support more than one family.
    In contrast with polygyny, polyandry is rare among the world’s societies. And in practice, polyandry has not usually allowed freedom of mate selection for women; it has often meant simply that younger brothers have sexual access to the wife of an older brother. Thus where a father is unable to afford wives for each of his sons, he may secure a wife for only his oldest son.
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答案 一种显然存在于任何社会的生活方式是婚姻，即被社会认可的、期待双方承担妻子和丈夫角色的男人与女人的结合。经过对跨文化数据的广泛研究，人类学家乔治.P.莫多克得出结论说，繁衍后代、性关系、经济合作以及子女的社会化是全世界家庭的功能。鉴于在若干个社会中——如以色列的集体农场——存在着例外的家庭，我们现在认识到，默多克夸大了事实。默多克描绘的是在大多数文化背景下发挥着作用的常见的家庭趋势。 社会在构建婚姻关系的方式上存在差异。已知的婚姻关系有四种类型：一夫一妻，即一个丈夫和一个妻子；一大多妻，即一个丈夫和两个或两个以上的妻子；一妻多夫，即两个或两个以上的丈夫和一个妻子；群婚，即两个或两个以卜的丈夫和两个或两个以上的妻子。尽管一夫一妻存在于所有社会，默多克发现，其他形式可能不仅被允许而且更受欢迎。在这次抽样调查的238种社会形态中，仅有约五分之一为严格意义上的一夫一妻制。 一夫多妻制在世界范围内一直广为实行。旧约称，大卫王和所罗门王都有几个妻子。默多克在抽取的238种社会中有193个允许丈夫娶数个妻子。然而在三分之一的一夫多妻制社会中，有不到五分之一的已婚男子拥有一个以上的妻子。通常，一个社会中只有富人才能负担得起一个以上的家庭。 与一大多妻制相反，一妻多大制世界上罕见。实际上，一妻多夫不常允许妇女有选择伴侣的自由；它通常只意味着弟弟有与兄长的妻子发生性关系的权利。因此，当父亲没钱为他的儿子们娶妻时，他也许仅会为他的长子找到一位妻子。
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