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  3. Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the e

Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the e

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问题     Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen depriva- tion that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’ s surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’ s physiological behavior is different.
    In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen, and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’ s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seal’ s blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’ s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s blood stream. Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’ s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’ s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxy- gen from the blood. The seal’ s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laborato- ry. But why do the seal’ s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly sub- merged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.
The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’ s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory? I . A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats. II . A constriction of the seal’s arteries. III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood. IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs.
选项 A、I and III only
B、II and IV only
C、II and III only
D、I , II and IV only
E、I ,III and IV only
答案D
解析 哪个是实验室中观测到的结果?这一记述在原文L12—19。所以I．心跳变缓、II．动脉闭锁、IV．一些器官暂停工作都是这一段提到的。III．血中乳酸下降。无。∴D．I、II、IV。
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