首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Ah, praise. So powerful are simple words of approval and admiration that the late psychologist B. F. Skinner once called praise
Ah, praise. So powerful are simple words of approval and admiration that the late psychologist B. F. Skinner once called praise
admin
2014-01-07
31
问题
Ah, praise. So powerful are simple words of approval and admiration that the late psychologist B. F. Skinner once called praise giving "the greatest tool in behavior modification".
Yet precisely because praise is such heady stuff, motivation researchers warn of its psychological perils. Although the researchers agree that encouragement is essential for everyone, studies have found that poorly chosen words of praise can be as manipulative as any other reward—and just as destructive to creativity, perseverance and performance. Even behaviorists who advocate heavy use of praise for positive reinforcement in the classroom warn that its power can easily be missed.
Such condemnation of simple good words is difficult even for those who can clearly see the destructive potential of gold stars and other glittery enticements. But in fact, Kohn argues, praise should not always be considered a synonym for human kindness. Children, he argues, can become Completely dependent on praise and in that emotional process lose any love of doing things for their own sake. Experiments show, for example, that children who are praised for being generous with others actually end up being less generous than those who received no strokes.
Praise has also been shown to have very disruptive effects on confidence, concentration and performance. People who receive praise often become so self-conscious of their temporary good standing that they cannot focus on the task at hand, or alternatively they simply avoid challenging themselves in order to prevent the possibility of failure. Case Western Reserve University researcher Roy F. Baumeister found that compliments are an effective way to increase pressure, making a person more likely to "choke". Subjects who were praised just before a test of video skills consistently performed worse than did those who were not. And students who were heavily praised became more unconfirmed in their answers and gave up more quickly on ideas teachers disagreed with. "I worry about children whose eyes light up every time they are praised," says Kohn. "Many of them will grow to be adults desperate for others’ approval, unable to formulate their own standards."
Although words of praise may be more subtle than other rewards, the basic psychological issue is one of power and manipulation. "Often, the most striking thing about a positive judgment is that it’s a judgment," says Kohn. "It implies, ’I have power over you.’" What’s more, he adds, praise carries with it the possibility of criticism, which can make the loftiest praise threatening: today’s "you’re perfect" can become tomorrow’s "you are worthless".
Words of praise could become destructive when
选项
A、they are casually chosen.
B、they are heavily used.
C、they are not used by behaviorists.
D、they are out of an educational environment.
答案
A
解析
第2段第2句中found的宾语从句表明poody chosen words会使称赞的话变得具有破坏性,poorly chosen与A中的casually chosen同义,因此A为本题答案。本题最具干扰性的只有B。B来自第2段最后一句的heavy use of praise,但该句中的advocate表明行为学家是赞成heavy use of praise的,虽然他们也认为heavy use of praise未必能起作用,但他们并没有认为heavy use of praise是具有破坏性的,因此B是不正确的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/wfFK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
ThemanwantedthewomantobringthefollowingEXCEPT
WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?
WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonthatthemanwantstogoonadiet?
Whatinformationdoesthewomanneedtodothecheck-infortheman?
Thesimpleactofsurrenderingatelephonenumbertoastoreclerkmaynotseemharmful—somuchsothatmanyconsumersdoitwit
AsimplepieceofropehangsbetweensomeenvironmentallyfriendlyAmericansandtheirneighbors.Ononesidestandthosewhoha
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideally,therefore,thechoiceofa(n)【C1】______shouldbema
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideally,therefore,thechoiceofa(n)【C1】______shouldbema
TheAmericansocietyis______anexceedinglyshakyfoundationofnaturalresources,whichisconnectedwiththepossibilityof
Americansoftensaythatthereareonlytwothingsapersoncanbesureofinlife:deathandtaxes.Americansdonothaveacor
随机试题
A.燥湿和胃B.清热祛湿C.温阳化湿D.祛湿化浊E.利水渗湿
A.高张性宫缩乏力B.低张性宫缩乏力C.宫缩过强D.狭窄环E.病理缩复环治疗以加强宫缩为主
国内第一只以债券投资为主的证券投资基金是()。
如果采购数量小或者采购物品对生产经营活动影响不大,则可通过()节省企业的采购精力与费用。
长江公司属于核电站发电企业,2012年1月1日正式建造完成并交付使用一座核电站核设施,全部成本为300000万元,预计使用寿命为40年。据国家法律和行政法规、国际公约等规定,企业应承担环境保护和生态恢复等义务。2012年1月1日预计40年后该核电站核设施弃
长期股权投资采用成本法核算,被投资单位宣告分派的现金股利,投资企业可能确认为投资收益,也可能冲减长期股权投资成本。()
杨某在互联网上编造、传播虚假信息,骗人钱财,被人民法院判处有期徒刑,并处罚金。这一案例中杨某()。
Scientistssaytheyhavefoundawaytoturnbodyfatintoabettertypeoffatthatburnsoffcaloriesandweight.TheUSJohns
有如下程序:#include<iostream.h>usingnamespacestd;classBase{protected:inti:public:intj;
WhattheHeckDoesVincentvanGoghHaveToDoWithInternetMarketing?[A]Nothingandeverything!Tuckeddiscreetlyawayon
最新回复
(
0
)