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  3. Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

admin2010-06-01  59
问题     Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various as pects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.  But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they are working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it is easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for re wards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary’ a chievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenbcrger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to’ tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
Which of the following can best raise students’ creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
选项 A、Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B、Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
C、Giving them rewards they really deserve.
D、Giving them rewards they anticipate.
答案C
解析 第三段谈到了Rogert Eisenberger的观点，如果孩子们知道他们为得到奖励而学习，并且致力于解决相对而言具有挑战性的问题，他们会表现出最大的创造性。如果对表现欠佳的孩子给予奖励或使他们产生对奖励的过分期待的心理，那么就很容易扼杀孩子们的创造力。这就说明只有该得奖励的孩子受到奖励才能发挥创造性，因此选C。
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