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  3. The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identit

The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identit

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问题     The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identity and(2) that the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain) self-determination.
    It is traditional, therefore, to distinguish nations from states—whereas a nation often consists of an ethnic or cultural community, a state is a political entity with a high degree of sovereignty. While many states are nations in some sense, there are many nations which are not fully sovereign states. As an example, the Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state, since they do not possess the requisite political authority over their internal or external affairs. If the members of the Iroquois nation were to strive to form a sovereign state in the effort to preserve their identity as a people, they would be exhibiting a state—focused nationalism.
    Nationalism has long been ignored as a topic in political philosophy, written off as a relic from bygone times. It has only recently come into the focus of philosophical debate. The surge of nationalism usually presents a morally ambivalent and for this reason often fascinating picture. "National awakenings" and struggles for political independence are often both heroic and inhumanly cruel; the formation of a recognizably national state often responds to deep popular sentiment, but can and does sometimes bring in its wake inhuman consequences, including violent expulsion and "cleansing" of non-nationals, all the way to organized mass murder. The moral debate on nationalism reflects a deep moral tension between solidarity with oppressed national groups on the one hand and repulsion in the face of crimes perpetrated in the name of nationalism on the other.
    Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.
    Nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one race over others, but in practice, many nationalists support racial protectionism or racial supremacy. Such racism is typically based upon preference or superiority of the indigenous race of the nation.
The example of Native American Iroquois is used in paragraph 2 to ______.
选项 A、show the differences between nations and states
B、discuss the differences between internal and external affairs
C、indicate their strive to form a state
D、present their identity as a people
答案A
解析 例证题；在原文的第二段中，我们可以看到Native American Iroquois 的例子出现在段落的中间。我们首先看段落的第一句话，“It is traditional，therefore，to distinguish nations from states”奠定了段落的主旨，而这里的例子之后的分析也提到了“Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state”，和段落主旨是吻合的。所以比较4个选项，A选项是正确的。B、C和D三个选项都出自原文中对这一例子的细节分析，提醒考生注意，在解答例证题这样的题目的时候，首先需要看是否服务于全篇主旨，再看段落主旨，排除这些目的之后再作其他的考虑。
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