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Moms, dads, or caregivers who mainly talk to their offspring using commands rather than reasoning may get their kids to do what

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问题     Moms, dads, or caregivers who mainly talk to their offspring using commands rather than reasoning may get their kids to do what they want, but they also fail to develop their children’s minds, the research out of the University of California, Berkeley, and UCLA suggests.
    The findings have particular significance for minority communities where do-as-I-say exchanges have long predominated over more nuanced (细微的) argument. But they may also resonate with policy works, as Washington debates whether to expand publicly funded preschool programs. Reading, singing, dancing and other activities at the heart of the government’s multi-billion dollar Head Start program may help low income kids aged zero to 5. But a crucial link, these studies suggest, is coaching parents to explain decisions with their children and letting them talk back, at least just a little bit.
    In one of the studies due out early next year in the journal of Developmental Psychology, researchers spent more than a year studying two dozen Mexican-American families, observing real-world mother-child interactions. Of the more than 1,400 exchanges that researchers documented of a mother wanting her child to do something, a mere 8 percent included "reasoning", while just 9 percent included clarification of what the child should be doing instead. By far the biggest category was "direct verbal commands", which accounted for 42 percent of parenting efforts. Other studies have found that white parents deploy reasoning techniques more than a third of the time.
    In a second article, Fuller and colleagues found that parenting by declaration rather than explanation could undermine early childhood advantages within minority cultures. The work, due to be published this week in Maternal and Child Health Journal, tracked cognitive development among 8,000 children born in 2001, and found that Latino babies start life with significant benefits over other groups — including higher birth weights and lower mortality rates (two key factors in predicting brain performance). They also have mothers who eat better, and smoke and drink less than white or black peers, regardless of socioeconomic status. And they enter school with strong social skills and emotional stability. But despite being primed for success at birth, they soon lose ground when it comes to intellectual development: Latino kids fall up to six months behind their white counterparts in basic language and thinking skills by the time they are 2 or 3 years old, the study reports.
    The results, say researchers, hold true even taking into account the poverty and scarce educational opportunities that many Latina mothers face relative to other populations. Among Mexican American mothers, almost three fifths live in households that earn less than $25,000 a year, and less than a third have completed college. Similarly, Mexican American mothers, and mothers of Hispanic descent (西班牙后裔) in general, have higher birth rates than their white counterparts, meaning they care for more children at any one time. But even when compared to white children whose mothers share the same obstacles, Latino children still develop more slowly.
Bruce Fuller might contribute Latino kids’ falling behind in basic thinking skills to their
选项 A、childhood advantages
B、minority cultures
C、ways of being brought up
D、socioeconomic status
答案C
解析 文章第四段提到福勒和他的同事发现不经解释说明而直接命令孩子们做事的教育方式在少数族群的教育中可能会破坏孩子在幼儿时期的优势，然后以拉美孩子为例进行说明，可见他把拉丁美洲孩子在基本思考能力方面的落后归因于对孩子的教育方式。故答案为[C]。bring up意思是“抚养，养育”。
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