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  3. A new study conducted has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of w

A new study conducted has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of w

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问题     A new study conducted has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by 37 cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.

    The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spend as little as 5%. These cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
    According to the study, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities, the explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggest a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.
    This is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. The study demonstrates that " the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms".
    Bicycle use wasn’t included in the study but it was noted that the two most "bicycle friendly" cities (Amsterdam and Copenhagen)were very efficient, even though their public transport reasonable but not special".

    It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. In fact, the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics. The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.
    In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure didn’t keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting time far higher.
    There’s a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They’re often wealthier than their American counterparts but haven’t generated the same level of car use. The study also shows that developing Asian cities make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities. In the cities that developed later, cars create the massive traffic jams.
    The explanation for the constant rise of the population and job density has shown that it’s valuable to place people working in related fields together. This new world depends on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face even online.
Questions 71 to 75
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
    A new study shows that public transport is more efficient than cars. According to the study, Melbourne’s model is a new 【A1】______method of considering public transport issues. Now the basic concern of public transport is economics instead of social fairness and 【A2】______ consideration. Supporters of car users don’t accept the models of cities with good public transport , and one of their objections is their local 【A3】______. In the UK, the initial use of cars and trains was to allow people to arrive at their destination with 【A4】______. Contrary to the common belief, in Europe, the increase of wealth hadn’t generated the same 【A5】______as that in the United States, but in the newly-developed cities, cars create the massive traffic congestion.
【A2】
选项
答案environmental
解析 (根据本文第四段第二句话，即说明了在过去公共交通的出发点是环境和社会正义，并没有考虑经济；而现在与之相反，不再考虑环境问题。)
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本试题收录于： A类竞赛（研究生）题库大学生英语竞赛（NECCS）分类
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