首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2011-02-05
41
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle class behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements, basic moral duties, practical rules which promote efficiency and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible, before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behaviour, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence liter ature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
According to the writer, part of chivalry is that a knight held platonic love to a lady who should be ______.
选项
答案
of virtue and gentleness
解析
(见文章第六段。platonic love柏拉图式的恋爱,精神恋爱。be of virtue and gentleness道德高尚,性格温和。)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/x3AK777K
本试题收录于:
B类竞赛(英语专业本科专科)题库大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)分类
0
B类竞赛(英语专业本科专科)
大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)
相关试题推荐
Oliviavisitstheofficetolearnhowtouseheridentificationcard.
Iamoptimisticabouthumanrelationships—inparticular,aboutfriendship.Perhapsyouhaveheardaboutgloomypredictionsabout
Thereisdistinctionbetweenreadingforinformationandreadingforunderstanding.【B1】________Thefirstsenseistheone
ThemanexpectsLiYunshantophonehimandgivehimsomeinformation.
InthemiddleofBeijing,isthemagnificentForbiddenCity.AlthoughnowamuseumandofficiallyrenamedthePalaceMuseum,the
Thepassagedescribeshow【D6】________isthemainreasonwhypeoplelosetheirtemperatwork,anditoffersadvicetohelpempl
Writeacompositionofnolessthan150words,givingyourviewsonthefollowingquestion:Shouldcompaniesgivemenandwo
Amansays,"Brothersandsisters,haveInone,butthatman’sfatherismyfather’sson."Whoishepointingat?
Truepatriotism______puttingtheinterestsofone’scountryaboveeverything,includingone’sownlife.
Don’tdrinkthemilk;itsmells______sour.
随机试题
在新自由主义经济理论的指导下,20世纪70年代末80年代初以来,西方各国普遍开展了行政改革,改革的重点之一是()
青年患者,右肺下叶背段见一薄壁空洞,首先考虑
( )负责全国医疗机构中药品不良反应监测工作。( )负责承办全国药品不良反应监测技术工作。
甲公司于7月1日向乙公司发出要约,出售一批原材料,要求乙公司在1个月内做出答复,该要约于7月2日到达乙公司。当月,因市场行情变化,该种原材料市场价格大幅上升,甲公司拟撤销该要约。根据合同法律制度的规定,下列关于甲公司能否撤销要约的表述中,正确的是(
老年人个案工作的注意事项有()。
根据《人民警察法》的规定,公安部于1999年6月1日颁布实施了《公安机关人民警察内务条令》,为公安队伍的内务建设提供了法律依据和保障。()
当一辆疾驰的汽车需要马上刹住时,几毫秒的反应时间是非常关键的。有时,区区几米的距离就决定着人的生死。最近有研究者利用模拟驾驶系统、眼球追踪技术等手段,让五组受试者面对动感不同的交通标志.然后测试他们做出反应的速度。结果发现,动感较强的交通标志确实能让受试者
通过宏查找下一条记录的宏操作是【】。
【26】【43】
【B1】【B17】
最新回复
(
0
)