首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2011-02-05
43
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle class behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements, basic moral duties, practical rules which promote efficiency and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible, before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behaviour, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence liter ature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
According to the writer, part of chivalry is that a knight held platonic love to a lady who should be ______.
选项
答案
of virtue and gentleness
解析
(见文章第六段。platonic love柏拉图式的恋爱,精神恋爱。be of virtue and gentleness道德高尚,性格温和。)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/x3AK777K
本试题收录于:
B类竞赛(英语专业本科专科)题库大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)分类
0
B类竞赛(英语专业本科专科)
大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)
相关试题推荐
Doyoulikecomics?Inthe1950sand1960s,manyteenagersusedtoreadcomicslikeBatman,SupermanorXMen.Someweresofasci
Peopledidn’tusetothrowthingsaway.Weusedtomendourclothesandweusedtowearshoesuntiltheywereworeout.Whenwebo
TheTouristLineofferssomeinformationofgettingroundthecitybyboat.Therearefourmainstoppingpoints.Ateverypoint,y
TheStudentJobCentreisonlyopentofull-timestudentsatuniversity.
Whatdoesthenewsitemsayaboutthenationalcensus?
Lukestudiedbusinessstudiescoursefortwoyearsatcollege.
WhenEnglishpeoplearefishing,theynoticethatsomefishtakethebaittobetemptedbysomethingoffered,andtheyuse"to
Whatisaproblemthatcreativewritingstudentshave,accordingtoLinda?
Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosestinmeaningtothesaying,"Birdsofafeatherflocktogether."?
Tospeaktruly,fewadultpersonscanseenature.Mostpersonsdonotseethesun.Atleasttheyhaveaverysuperficialseeing.
随机试题
关于组织文化,正确的说法是()
张某将一辆工程车出租给王某。在租期内,王某未经张某同意,将工程车转租给赵某。赵某因急需用钱,将工程车出卖给了林某。双方约定3日后付款交车。张某得知后,立即通知王某解除租赁合同。问:张某是否有权请求王某承担违约责任?为什么?
《灵枢.经脉》说何经功能逆乱时出现“厥气上逆则霍乱”
以下穴位一般不用于治疗高热的为( )
下列关于符合条件的小型微利企业的征收企业所得税执行税率问题,表述不正确的是()。
有一无限长稍密中粗砂组成的边坡,坡角为25°,中粗砂内摩擦角为30°,有自坡顶的顺坡渗流时土坡安全系数与无渗流时土坡安全系数之比最接近下列哪个选项?
重力式码头基槽抛石前,对重力密度超过12.6kN/m3、厚度大于()的回淤物应予清除。
“备案号”栏应填()。“总价”栏应填()。
股份有限公司将法定公积金转为股本时,所留存的该项公积金不得少于转增前公司注册资本的()。
下列各项中,不影响利润表中本期“所得税费用”项目金额的有()。
最新回复
(
0
)