首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
EFFECTS OF THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION (1) In the third and the second millennia B.C., long-distance trade supposedly had the
EFFECTS OF THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION (1) In the third and the second millennia B.C., long-distance trade supposedly had the
admin
2022-09-29
115
问题
EFFECTS OF THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
(1) In the third and the second millennia B.C., long-distance trade supposedly had the character of an expedition. By the start of the last millennium B.C., however, a new approach to engaging in such trade emerged. Based on the principle of colonization, it was
pioneered
by the Phoenicians and Greeks, who established colonies along the Mediterranean Sea. The new approach to long-distance trade, known as the commercial revolution, led to changes in a number of political and economic patterns.
(2) For the first time, the planting of colonies in distant lands became possible. The Phoenician settlements in the central and western Mediterranean, such as Carthage, and the slightly later establishment of Greek colonies are early examples, while the settlement of south Arabians in Eritrea around the middle of the last millennium marks the subsequent spread of this sort of commercial consequence to the Horn of Africa. In the third or second millennia B.C., a state such as Egypt might colonize areas outside its heartland, such as Nubia. But this colonization comprised military outposts and ethnic settlements that were planted to hold the contiguous territories of a land empire, not distant localities far separated from the home country.
(3) [A] The commercial revolution constructed the economic basis as well for a new kind of town or city, an center that above all serviced trade and was home to the crafts and occupational specializations that went along with commercial development. [B] The urban locations of earlier times commonly drew trade simply because their populations had included a privileged elite of potential consumers. [C] Such towns had arisen in the first place as political and religious centers of the society; they attracted population because power and influence resides there and access to position and wealth could be gained through service to the royal or priestly leadership. [D]
(4) Wherever the effects of the commercial revolution penetrated over the last millennium B.C., kings and emperors increasingly lost their ability to treat trade as a royalty sponsored activity, intended to preserve the commodities of trade as the privileges of immemorial power and position. Instead, their policies shifted toward controlling geographical accessibility to the products of commerce and to ensuring security and other conditions that attracted and enhanced the movement of goods. No longer could kings rely on agriculturally supported and religiously based claims to an ability to protect their lands and people; now they also had to overtly support the material prosperity of their people compared to other societies. And rather than exerting a monopoly over prestige commodities, as Egyptian kings of the third and second millennia had, and redistributing such commodities in ways designed to reinforce the allegiance of their subjects and enhance the awesomeness of their position, rulers turned to the taxation of trade and to the creation and control of currency, more and more relying on duties and other revenues to support the apparatus of the state. It was no historical accident that the first metal coinage in the world began to be made in eighth-century Anatolia (modern Turkey) and that the use of coins rapidly spread with the expanding commercial revolution. The material bases and the legitimizations of state authority as we know them today had begun to take shape.
(5) The commercial revolution tended also to spread a particular pattern of exchange. The early commercial centers of the Mediterranean most characteristically offered manufactured goods—purple dye, metal goods, wine, olive oil, and so forth—for the raw materials or the partially processed natural products of other regions.
As the commercial revolution spread, this kind of exchange tended to spread with it, with the recently added areas of commerce providing new kinds of raw materials for familiar products of the natural world, and the longer established commercial centers—which might themselves have lain at the margins of this transformation—producing, or acting as the intermediaries in the transmission of manufactured commodities.
India, for instance, had developed by the turn of the era into a major exporter of its own cotton textiles, as well as naturally occurring materials, such as gems of various kinds, and at the same time its merchants were the intermediaries of the silk trade.
Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. It was significantly different from the typical centers that existed before the commercial revolution. Where would the sentence best fit?
选项
答案
B
解析
本题属于插入句子题,句子意为“它与商业革命之前存在的典型中心有很大不同”。解题关键在于理解It的指代。第3段主要探讨了商业革命时期的商业中心和商业革命前的商业中心的区别,故推断,这个It指代的就是商业革命时期的商业中心。所以要插入的句子所在位置的前或后应该有与商业革命时期的商业中心相关的描述,故暂且选择A处和B处。但从插入句的内容可知,插入句的前后也应该有对商业革命之前存在的商业中心的描述。而A处前为上一段,与埃及的殖民统治相关.若句子插入此处,逻辑衔接不顺畅,故排除A处,选B处。C处、D处前后均无与商业革命时期的商业中心相关的描述。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/xE5O777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Wherecaneachofthefollowingitemsbefound?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-InexttoQuesti
Wherecaneachofthefollowingitemsbefound?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-InexttoQuesti
Wherecaneachofthefollowingitemsbefound?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-InexttoQuesti
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Accordingtothespeaker,whyisitagoodtimeforD-I-Ypainting?
Memorisation本题有关《古兰经》对学习方法的影响。录音中的impacts是题目中influences“影响”的同义替换。注意句子首字母需大写。
StrategiesforeffectiveuseoflecturesDosome【L25】________【L26】________andsitwhereyoucanseeandheareasily.Be【L27】___
TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】________owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturnalHabitatMainlylivesin【L32】________,butcanalsobeseeni
TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】________owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturnalHabitatMainlylivesin【L32】________,butcanalsobeseeni
ImpactofUrbanizationTheeffectsofurbanization:Example:intheU.S.only【L31】________oflandbuiltonlossof【L32】________
Theprofessorsuggeststhatheadingsare________
随机试题
阅读杜甫《蜀相》一诗,然后回答问题。丞相祠堂何处寻?锦官城外柏森森。映阶碧草自春色,隔叶黄鹂空好音。三顾频烦天下计,两朝开济老臣心。出师未捷身先死,长使英雄泪满襟。全诗表达了杜甫怎样的思想感情?
关于骨与关节结核下列哪项是错误的
从外部观察,牙可以分为A.牙冠、牙根B.牙冠、牙根、牙髓C.牙冠、牙根、牙髓、牙颈D.牙根、牙颈、牙髓E.牙冠、牙根、牙颈
A、多发生于下颌第三磨牙区和下颌升支者B、以下颌第三磨牙区多见,其次为上颌单尖牙,上颌第三磨牙和下颌前牙区者C、最常见为腭中线前部者D、位于上颌恒侧切牙和单尖牙之间,呈倒置的梨形,相邻牙齿为活髓牙者E、常发生于颈上部,下颌
每公顷被征用耕地的安置补助费,最高不得超过被征用前3年平均年产值的()倍。
评估人员拟对某年产5万吨产品的项目进行评估。评估基准日为2014年1月1日。为评估该项目的设备及工器具购置费,评估人员选取已建类似项目竣工决算资料作参考。已建类似项目的生产能力为10万吨/年,2011年初投入使用。设备及工器具购置费总额为2000万元,20
电弧炉按炉衬材料和炉渣特点可分哪两种?各有何特点?
CDs由()于1961年首创。
TaskOne—Person•Forquestions13-17,matchtheextractswiththepeople,listedA-H.•Foreachextract,choosethepersonwho
Manypeopleliketotravel.Theproblemisgettingyourpettothe(1)______.Inrecentyears,transportingpetsonflightshasg
最新回复
(
0
)