首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language For many children, the process of learning to read starts before school. They en
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language For many children, the process of learning to read starts before school. They en
admin
2013-03-21
33
问题
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language
For many children, the process of learning to read starts before school. They enter school differentially (1)______to benefit from formal educational experiences and these differences often translate into subsequent differences in (2)______in reading and in other subject areas.
It is assumed in contemporary educational theory and practice that exposing children to a rich home literacy environment (HLE) is beneficial to literacy and language development. However, evidence suggests that the (3)______between HLE and educational and developmental outcomes is limited.
Early studies of the HLE’s influence tended to reduce its complexity to (4)______measures. More recent researches have sought to (5)______specific aspects that relate to literacy and it has been found that certain aspects of the HLE, especially shared reading activities, explain more adequately the relation between home environment and educational and developmental outcomes.
Experts suggested that different aspects of HLE may exert their influence on different outcomes and that the relative importance of HLE may vary by outcome and developmental period. For example, shared reading may influence oral language development, whereas letter knowledge may come from more direct (6)______.
The study I’m going to elaborate on examined the relations of shared reading to (7) ______, represented by receptive and expressive vocabulary and phonological sensitivity. These outcomes were selected because of their importance in the development of literacy-related skills during the (8)______and later success. Vocabulary knowledge is necessary for reading comprehension. Phonological sensitivity refers to sensitivity to and ability to manipulate the (9)______of oral language. They are well-established precursors of individual differences in word reading and comprehension development.
Questions concerning the HLE and its relation to different educational and developmental outcomes are important for several reasons. Therefore, in order to design more effective and (10)________interventions, more research on the HLE is needed.
Shared Reading and Children’s Oral Language
Learning to read is a difficult process that involves a number of different skills and experiences. It depends on learning to decode individual words as well as having the necessary knowledge of concepts and the world to comprehend the meaning of the text. Children are expected to recognize and understand more than 80,000 words by the end of third grade, i.e. at age 8 or 9. However, the process of learning to read starts before school for many children. It is well documented that children enter school differentially prepared to benefit from formal educational experiences and that these differences often translate into subsequent differences in achievement in reading and in other subject areas.
When asked about the origins of these initial differences, parents, educators, and researchers most commonly cite some aspects of the home literacy environment (HLE)that parents provide for their preschool children. The presumption that exposing children to a home environment rich in literacy activities is beneficial to literacy and language development has come increasingly to influence contemporary educational theory and practice. In the United States, for example, where educators strive to meet the federal mandate that every child read well by the end of third grade, there is a nationwide call for parents to read to their children along with numerous government initiatives to increase children’s exposure to literacy activities (e.g., the America Reads Challenge proposed by former President Clinton, provisions of the Reading Excellence Act supported by Presidents Clinton and Bush).
However, despite the almost universal consensus that HLE, especially in the form of shared reading activities, is important in the development of language and literacy skills, evidence suggests that the association between HLE and educational and developmental outcomes is small to modest in size.
Early studies of the HLE’s influence tended to reduce its complexity to social status measures, parental education, occupation and income, for example. It was generally found that children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) and non-mainstream cultural communities performed less well on reading tests and demonstrated lower levels of interest in literacy. However, social status is a marker variable that represents a number of attitudes, activities, and opportunities and does not identify the specific aspects of the home environment that are important in different stages of literacy and language development. More recently, researchers have sought to identify these specific aspects that relate to literacy and language development. It has been found that certain aspects of the HLE, especially shared reading activities, explain more adequately the relation between home environment and educational and developmental outcomes than do more global social class measures.
Experts suggested that future researchers attempt to take into account that different aspects of HLE may exert their influence on different outcomes and that the relative importance of HLE may vary by outcome and developmental period. For example, shared reading may influence oral language development, whereas letter knowledge may come from more direct parental instruction. Some scholars found that storybook exposure accounted for a statistically significant amount of unique variance in kindergarten and Grade 1 children’s oral language skills, but not in their written language skills. In contrast, a measure of parental teaching (e.g., number of instances a parent taught a child to read words and to print words in a typical week)explained statistically significant unique variance in children’s written language skills, but not in their oral language skills. Other researchers have also found that different aspects of HLE influence different outcomes.
The study I’m going to elaborate on later today examined the relations of shared reading to oral language, represented by receptive and expressive vocabulary and phonological sensitivity. These outcomes were selected because of their importance in the development of literacy-related skills during the preschool years; later, more complex literacy skills in alphabetic languages; and eventual success in school. They are well-established precursors of individual differences in word reading and comprehension development.
Vocabulary knowledge is necessary for reading comprehension. Phonological sensitivity refers to sensitivity to and ability to manipulate the sound structure of oral language. Children who are better at detecting and manipulating syllables, rhymes, or phonemes are quicker to learn to read, and this relation is present even after variability in reading skill due to factors such as intelligence quotient, receptive vocabulary, memory skills, and social class is partialled out. Phonemic awareness (often called phonological awareness) is the ability to manipulate the individual phonemes within words and is considered to be the most complex or most developed stage of phonological sensitivity. Recent studies have demonstrated that individual differences in phonological sensitivity are relatively stable across time from late preschool, and that individual differences in preschool levels of phonological sensitivity are related to subsequent individual differences in literacy development. However, despite the importance of phonological sensitivity to the emergence of literacy skills, little is known about the relation of HLE to its development.
Questions concerning the HLE and its relation to different educational and developmental outcomes are important for several reasons. First, the call for parents and schools to provide more and better literacy resources for children has become an educational priority, but we have a relatively poor understanding of the factors within the HLE that explain its influence on literacy’s development and maintenance over time or of the specific aspects of the HLE that are important at different developmental stages for a variety of educationally relevant outcomes (e.g., letter knowledge, phonological sensitivity). Therefore, in order to design more effective and long-lasting interventions, more research on the HLE is needed.
选项
答案
parental instruction
解析
本题为要点题。专家为以后的研究指明了方向:研究不同方面的家庭阅读环境对儿童阅读能力不同方面的影响,可以看出研究越来越趋向具体化。演讲者举例说明,如家长和孩子的共同阅读行为可能影响孩子口头表达能力的发展,而文字知识则来自家长的直接指导(direct parental instruction)。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/xI4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Growingconcernsoverthesafetyandefficacyofanti-depressantdrugsprescribedtochildrenhavecaughttheeyeofCongressan
SegregationinEducationUntilthe1950s,theequal【1】providedbythe14thAmericansofdifferentorigins.【1】______In1896,
Thedaysofhisyouthappearedlikedreamsbeforehim,andherecalledtheseriousmomentwhenhisfatherplacedhimattheentr
WiththerapiddevelopmentofChina’seconomy,manypeoplehaveboughtorareplanningtobuycars.Somepeoplebelievethatpri
Asaphilosophicalandliterarymoment,______flourishedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.
ScientistssaidThursdaythatanewAIDSvaccine,thefirsteverdeclaredtoprotectasignificantminorityofhumansagainstth
Childrenaregettingsofattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents,anexpertclaimedyesterday.Today’s
Radio,telegraph,television,andotherinventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspapers.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesando
随机试题
文本
马患纤维性骨营养不良时,血清中可能升高的激素是
A.防疫药品、普查普治用药品、预防用生物制品出现的不良反应群体或个体病例B.上市5年以上的药品C.上市5年内的药品和列为国家重点监测的药品D.对严重、罕见或新的不良反应E.军队医疗预防保健机构发生的药品不良反应
【背景资料】某啤酒生产线设备安装工程项目,施工项目部在各工程正式施工开始前,对各项准备工作及影响质量的各因素和有关方面进行了质量控制。施工项目经理部为了确保工程项目质量符合设计意图和国家规范、标准的要求,采用PDCA循环方法对该工程进行质量控制。以下
下列关于传统的成本计算方法和作业成本法的说法中,不正确的是()。
2005年11月5日中午,某市东亚酒店中餐厅接待了一个来自东北的旅游团用餐。客人用餐后不久,一些人就开始出现恶心、呕吐等不良反应。导游员将此情况立即反映给该酒店经理王某,王经理担心此事传扬出去影响生意,遂找来附近一家无证诊所的医生,为客人治病,但客人病情不
下列对“绿色通道”或“红色通道”描述正确的是()。
根据以上材料,回答:2000—2009年,农村居民家庭人均纯收入平均每年增长()。
某工程队计划在某一时间内修一条路。若每天修200米,则还剩下1000米;若每天修250米,则可多修200米。这条路总长是多少?
______属于组织过程资产。A.基础设施B.组织的经验学习系统C.组织劳务关系标准D.招聘、培养、使用和解聘的指导方针
最新回复
(
0
)