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  3. Since the dawn of e-mail, using sarcasm in digital communication has created strife and confusion between friends, colleagues an

Since the dawn of e-mail, using sarcasm in digital communication has created strife and confusion between friends, colleagues an

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问题     Since the dawn of e-mail, using sarcasm in digital communication has created strife and confusion between friends, colleagues and romantic partners. Sarcasm, after all, is best conveyed using tone of voice, a wink or a nudge.
    Now, as more people are sharing their opinions with casual acquaintances and strangers on social-media sites like Twitter and Facebook—rather than in private text messages to people who know their senses of humor—the sarcasm disconnect is even greater.
    "My work e-mail is down. I’m devastated," or, "because that was so much fun the last time we did it," could mean completely different things to different readers. The confusion has driven some people to create special symbols and characters to clearly mark their snark.
    And woe is the data miner who has the challenge of determining what is sarcasm and what isn’t. Defined as stating the opposite of what is truly meant, sarcasm is proving to be an obstacle for the academics and marketers who create computer programs to analyze massive pools of online chatters to gauge public opinions about products and politicians.
    " Sarcasm is one of the toughest problems in computing," says Shrikanth Narayanan, a professor of computer science, linguistics and psychology at the University of Southern California.
    Computer programming follows strict rules, while natural language, particularly the inside-joke culture of the Web, doesn’t.
    That is the hurdle faced by USC’s Annenberg Innovation Lab, an interdisciplinary center that brings together social and computer scientists. The lab’s "Twitter Sentiment Analysis" project unites linguists, sociologists and computer scientists to try to build a modern-day lexicon for computers to read and interpret huge chunks of data provided by the millions of people who share their opinions online. The scientists at the lab have been using the political season to try to teach a computer to better understand the true sentiment behind tweets.
    " If we can crack through political sarcasm, everything else will be easier," says Jonathan Taplin, a onetime film producer, Bob Dylan tour manager and investment banker who now runs the Annenberg lab, which is sponsored by IBM, DirecTV, Warner Bros, and other companies.
    All data-mining services—or "online sentiment listeners," as they are sometimes called—rely on a combination of natural-language computer programming and human analysts.
    Sentiment listeners and computers are trained to look for cues and symbols such as exclamation marks or emoticons—keyboard characters that, when typed together, convey smiles, winks or other expressions.
    Looking to punctuation and other symbols to signal earnestness can be misleading, says Kate Paulin, the director of the insights and planning department at digital marketing agency 360i. Ms. Paulin says working for brands such as Coca-Cola has taught her that little can be taken at smiley-face value.
    Teens and tweeters use emoticons sarcastically, she says. And a single exclamation mark—as opposed to multiple marks—may actually convey a lack of enthusiasm, she says.
    Lovers of sarcasm who like to tweet are taking matters in their own keyboards. Aliza Licht, the senior vice president of global communications for Donna Karan LLC, who was " devastated" to lose her work e-mail on Tuesday, calls sarcasm "a religion. "Yet, as the hand that controls all of the fashion label’s social outreach—and the popular @ dkny twitter feed—she needs to be sure not to ruffle feathers with her humor.
    So she invented a short, twitter-friendly sign to denote sarcasm—"(*S)"—and uses it to let her followers know when her tongue is in cheek, such as with her tweet about losing e-mail. "We can’t read tonality in text, and it’s a problem," she says.
    When his best friend failed to recognize his use of sarcasm in e-mails about 10 years ago, Doug Sak, an accountant in Washington Township, Mich. , saw a market: He since has created the "SarcMark," an upside-down lowercase E with a dot in the center, helpful for things that might actually not have been " so much fun the last time we did it. " He says he is approaching phone carriers to try to get them to include the symbol in their fonts.
______is/are NOT helpful in understanding sarcasms.
选项 A、Computer programming
B、Human analysts
C、Emoticons
D、Keyboard characters
答案D
解析 事实细节题。根据第十段中的…keyboard characters that，when typed together，convey smiles，winks or other expressions．可知，只有当键盘字符(keyboard characters)组合使用才能用来表示表情符号，键盘字符本身和sarcasms没有直接关系，故选[D]。由第九段中的…rely on acombination of natural-language computer programming and human analysts．和第十段中的…look for cues and symbols such as exclamation marks or emoticons…可知，分析理解sarcasms要依赖计算机语言分析软件、人工分析以及各种表情符号等，故排除其余三个选项。
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