首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
admin
2011-01-02
45
问题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" — wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward, the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for. handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response — as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intefise, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
选项
答案
D
解析
推断题。根据第三段,大部分人认为面部表情反映了人的情感状态,然而面部反应假说认为,面部肌肉传递的信息会反馈到大脑的情感中心,因此人的面部表情还会影响到他的情感状态。可见面部表情和相应的情感状态间的关系是双向的、互相影响的,故选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/xLeO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
AMERICARES’firstairlifttoIndiainresponsetothetsunamihasarrivedinChennai,carrying36tonsofmedicines,medicalequ
Americanthisyearwillswallow15,000tonsdrugsofaspirin,oneofsafestandmosteffectiveinventedbyman.
Ordinarypeople’slivesaregovernedbyformsandnoticefromthemoment【M1】______theirbirthisregistereduntiltheday
Apartfromthemajorityofcountries,theU.K.has______toformthewholepartofitsconstitution.
ExpositionExpositioniswritingthatexplains.Mostofthebooksinuniversityibrariesareexamplesofexposition.Alth
AftersomanyyearsofstudyingEnglish,youmaystillgetconfusedlikeyoufirstcomeherejustbecauseoftheslangthestude
Inthelate1960smanypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheirattentiontoenvironmentalproblems,andnewsteel-and-glassskyscra
Insomespeechcommunity,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,thisis__________.
Speakers’Comerlocatedin______,wherespeakercandelivertheireloquentspeech.
A、Themarchingwasviolent.B、Nobodyinterfered.C、Therewereafewboos.D、Therewerealotofclapping.A
随机试题
中小型企业的企业经营战略层次包括()
此次火灾,________坏人有意纵火造成。[显然是]
关于Internet,下列说法正确的是
患者男,22岁。因急起全身不适,恶心,呕吐4个小时入院。患者呻吟不止,自述全身疼痛难忍,视物模糊。呈急性痛苦面容,坐立不安,躯体扭曲、颤抖,双手抱胸,流泪流涕,讲话口齿欠清,出汗较多,患者反复哀求医务人员给予止痛药物。对该患者目前需要重点询问和检查的内
患者,男,39岁。经常出现发作性眩晕,头痛,一过性肢体麻木及一时性言语謇涩。其最易引发的是
利用一元函数积分计算下列问题:求曲线y=sinx与y=x2-πx所围的平面图形面积;
在现代教育技术中,教学设计的关键设计任务是按()的先后顺序进行的。
吴某到郊区某家庭旅馆住宿,旅馆前台请他出示身份证办理人住手续,吴某拒不出示却强行要求入住,遂与旅馆工作人员发生争执并引发肢体冲突。旅馆工作人员报警后,该郊区派出所以扰乱公共秩序为由,决定对吴某处以300元罚款。对此,下列说法不正确的是()。(易错)
标准IP访问控制列表的基本格式为access-list[1istnumber][permit|deny][host/any][sourceaddress][wild-card-mask][log],请填写其参数描述。a、listnumber…
•ReadthefollowingextractfromanarticleaboutFrenchbankandanswerthequestions.•Foreachquestion15-20,markonelet
最新回复
(
0
)