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  3. We all know(or should know)by now that the carbon dioxide we produce when we burn fossil fuels and cut down forests is the plane

We all know(or should know)by now that the carbon dioxide we produce when we burn fossil fuels and cut down forests is the plane

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问题     We all know(or should know)by now that the carbon dioxide we produce when we burn fossil fuels and cut down forests is the planet’s single largest contributor to global warming. It persists in the atmosphere for centuries. Reducing these emissions by as much as half by 2050 is essential to avoid disastrous consequences by the end of this century, and we must begin immediately.
    But this is a herculean undertaking, both technically and politically. There is, however, a short-term strategy. We can slow this warming quickly by cutting emissions of four other climate pollutants: black carbon, a component of soot; methane, the main component of natural gas; lower-level ozone, a main ingredient of urban smog; and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, which are used as coolants. They account for as much as 40 percent of current warming.
    We can reduce black carbon emissions significantly in the next few decades by using particulate filters on cars and trucks and switching to low-sulfur diesel. By employing those strategies, California, for instance, has cut the warming effect from diesel emissions by nearly half since the late 1980s. In addition, we can further reduce emissions of black carbon and carbon monoxide(which produces lower-level ozone)in the developing world simply by turning to efficient biomass cook stoves instead of using traditional mud stoves, by replacing kerosene lamps in villages with solar lamps, and by deploying modern brick kilns.
    Methane emissions can be cut by nearly a third by reducing leaks from gas pipes, coal mines and hydraulic fracturing, by capturing methane from waste dumps, water treatment plants and manure, and by cutting emissions from rice paddies.
    These reductions in methane, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds would also significantly reduce lower-level ozone, which is another important climate-warming pollutant that is formed by the interaction of sunlight with other short-lived pollutants.
    And HFCs, which are widely used in refrigerators, can be replaced with readily available climate-friendly refrigerants. Nearly 100 ozone-depleting chemicals have been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that took effect in 1989, and more than 100 countries support a shift to the safer HFC alternatives. Phasing down HFCs would provide climate protection many times greater than the current Kyoto climate treaty—the equivalent of about 100 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2050.
    Unlike carbon dioxide, these pollutants are short-lived in the atmosphere. If we shtop emitting them, they will disappear in a matter of weeks to a few decades. These reductions would also prevent an estimated two to four million deaths from air pollution and avoid billions of dollars of crop loss annually, according to a study commissioned by the United Nations Environment Program and the World Meteorological Organization.
It can be inferred from the 6th paragraph that______.
选项 A、international treaties are effective in the fight against climate change
B、Kyoto climate treaty is not as effective as Montreal Protocol
C、most countries are willing to participate and comply with Kyoto climate treaty
D、phasing down HFCs would provide the gteatest climate protection of all ways
答案A
解析 本题考查考生对第七段内容的理解。第七段是全文唯一以国际条约和协定为例子的段落，主要提到了两个例子：京都议定书和蒙特利尔议定书，文中说道“将近100种破坏臭氧层的化合物已经在于1989年生效的《蒙特利尔议定书》这一国际条约的影响下逐步消除”，以及“逐步减少使用HFC对环境的保护将比目前的京都气候议定书强烈许多倍”，可见，不管哪一个方法更加有效，国际间的条约在应对气候变化方面是有一定作用的，即有效果的，因此A正确。B属于过度推断，文中的确说道“逐步减少使用HFC对环境的保护将比目前的京都气候议定书强烈许多倍——相当于截止2050年1000亿吨的二氧化碳。”但是并不能因此就笼统的说京都议定书不如蒙特利尔议定书有效。C属于错误推断，文中说道“超过100个国家支持使用更安全的HFC替代品”，这个是蒙特利尔议定书约定的内容，并非京都议定书，而且100多个国家并不等同于世界上大多数国家。D属于过度推断，文中最后一句说“逐步减少使用HFC对环境的保护将比目前的京都气候议定书强烈许多倍”，只是与京都议定书相比，并不能因此就说这是保护气候的所有方法中最有效的。
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