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  3. Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence

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问题    Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the larger economic system. As a response to these conditions, we find in the culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of second-hand clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.
   People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art galleries. They have a critical attitude toward some of the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police, mistrust of government and those in high position, and a cynicism which extends even to the church. This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and for being used in political movements aimed against the existing social order.
   People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values, talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on the whole, they do not live by them. Thus, it is important to distinguish between what they say and what they do. For example, many will tell you that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will marry. To men who have no steady jobs or other sources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to pass on to their children, who are present-time-oriented and who want to avoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage and divorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense. Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it ties them down to men who are immature, punishing and generally unreliable. Women feel that consensual union gives them a better break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that men have. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands, the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide to leave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or any other property they may own.
The author’s attitude toward the need to "distinguish between what they say and what they do" (underlined in Paragraph 3) suggests that______.
选项 A、poor people are often hypocritical
B、poverty causes illusions among the poor people
C、the poor are held responsible for their poverty
D、the poor often cannot change their conditions
答案D
解析    语义推理。画线部分大意是“区别他们的言行”，貌似他们言行不一。但是本句的前一句说“they do not live by them”，即他们思想上认同主流社会的价值观，但没有遵守。具体原因从本句提到的例子才能概括出来：没有稳定工作，没有固定收入，没有可让孩子继承的财产等，在这样的情况下，去教堂举行正式婚礼存在费用和法律方面的困难，因此只能选择自由结合或两愿婚姻。换言之，他们不具备正式婚姻的条件，只能退而求其次。【知识拓展】语义推理类的题目有多种形式。本题属于段内推理，需要从主题句得出结论，然后从例证得出结论的证据。这是综合性比较高的推理题，能很好地考查考生的推理和概括能力。另外自由结合是两人或两人以上的人组成的情感组合，不受法律、宗教的认可和约束。这一术语源于19世纪末，指自由结合的各方可以自由参与、保持关系或离开，是婚姻的一种替代形式，他们往往将婚姻视为一种奴役，对他人(特别是妇女)的所有权。自由结合的核心是两人，但他们各自可能参加其他组合，关系比较松散。
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