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  3. 【F1】The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily-prescribed by the inv

【F1】The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily-prescribed by the inv

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问题     【F1】The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily-prescribed by the investigator for a subject participating in an experiment on thinking(or by the programmer for a computer). Thus, prevailing techniques of inquiry in the psychology of thinking have invited neglect of the motivational aspects of thinking.【F2】The conditions that determine when the person will begin to think in preference to some other activity, what he will think about, what direction his thinking will take, and when he will regard his search for a solution as successfully terminated(or abandon it as not worth pursuing further)barely are beginning to attract investigation. Although much thinking is aimed at practical ends, special motivational problems are raised by "disinterested" thinking, in which the discovery of an answer to a question is a source of satisfaction in itself.
    【F3】For computer specialists, the detection of a mismatch between the formula that the program so far has produced and some formula or set of requirements that define a solution is what impels continuation of the search and determines the direction it will follow.
    Neobehaviourists(like psychoanalysts)have made much of secondary reward value and stimulus generalization; i. e. , the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has frequently accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes apparent, however, when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity, and uncertainty is considered.【F4】Inconsistency between beliefs, between items of incoming sensory information, or between one’s belief and an item of sensory information evidently can be a source of discomfort impelling a search for resolution through reorganization of belief systems or through selective acquisition of new information.
    The motivational effects of such factors have been receiving more attention since the middle of the 20th century, mainly because of the pervasive role they have been found to play in exploratory behaviour, play, and aesthetics. But their role in all forms of thinking also began to be appreciated and studied in relation to curiosity, conflict, and uncertainty.【F5】As evidence accumulates about the brain processes that underlie fluctuations in motivational state, and as psychophysiological equipment with which such fluctuations can be monitored comes in for increasing use, future advances in the theory of thinking are likely to correct the present imbalance and give due prominence to motivational questions.
【F1】
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答案研究人员通常为参与一项思维实验的受试者(或者编程员通常为计算机)指定要解决的问题，并且确定寻求解决办法的出发点。
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