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  3. Although young people is viewed as a driver of culture, as a state of contrariness, the subspecies known as teenager wasn’t iden

Although young people is viewed as a driver of culture, as a state of contrariness, the subspecies known as teenager wasn’t iden

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问题    Although young people is viewed as a driver of culture, as a state of contrariness, the subspecies known as teenager wasn’t identified until World War n, when British music writer Jon Savage’s fascinating new book, Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture 1875-1945, ends. His 576-page search through the social commentary, biographies and report of Europe and the U.S. in those decades shows how all the indicators of modern youth culture—the generational hostility, the moral panics, the idealism, the shocking dress sense—were in place long before teenagers made a name for themselves.
   In the late 19th century, teens were already notoriously drawn to trouble. The street gangs that carved up New York City back then were fueled by crime, but many members joined primarily for the sake of the fringe benefits—access to the forbidden pleasures of drink, drugs and sex. And then, as ever since, young toughs also had an eye to fashion. For example, the Parisian gangsters of that era—known as Apaches—wore silk scarves and, writes Savage, "an air of bourgeois arrogance."
   In 1898, G. Stanley Hall, an American psychology pioneer, defined a new stage of life called "adolescence," characterized by parental conflict, moodiness and risk taking. Contrary to the disciplinarian ideological trend of the day, Hall recommended that adolescents be given "room to be lazy." His prediction that "we shall one day attract the youth of the world by our unequaled liberty and opportunity," not only forecasted a culture that would respect youth but also patented it as American.
   His prediction was proved right. But in Europe, any such optimism was overwhelmed by a half-century of war and talk of war. The view of a German lieutenant colonel, Baron Colmar von der Goltz, in 1883 that "the strength of a nation lies in its youth," was pretty much shared by all the muscle-flexing European powers of that era. World War I ultimately spent the lives of 3 million of Europe’s adolescents, and the pain was felt for decades. "The Great War," Savage writes, "forever destroyed the automatic obedience that elders expected from their children."
   In the Europe of the 1920s, that generational disagreement was mostly expressed either in the arts (Jean Cocteau, Fritz Lang, Aldous Huxley) or in outright degeneration. But caught up in a renewed spiral to war, youths were soon being courted by political groups. Nowhere more so than in Germany, where the Wandervogel, a popular, free-spirited, back-to-nature youth movement whose nonpolitical ideals had survived World War I, found itself hijacked in the 1930s by the Hitler Youth whose membership stood at 8.9 million by 1939.
   Despite the restrictions on freedom during the first years of World War IT, the pockets of youthful defiance that Savage describes in Germany and occupied France showed a daring contempt for fascist authority, expressing it to the beat of American pop culture. The self-styled Swing Kids of Hamburg and the Zazous of Paris paid a heavy price in beatings and scalpings for growing their hair, wearing Zoot suits, and dirty dancing to banned jazz. "Instead of uniformity, they proclaimed difference; instead of aggression, overt sexuality," writes Savage, with as good a recipe as any for the teenage era that was about to dawn.
   [A] argued that a countries’ power depended on its young people.
   [B] preferred difference and overt sexuality to uniformity and aggression.
   [C] described Apaches in the late 19th century as gangsters in Paris.
   [D] believed that America’s liberty and chance would be an attraction to the youth.
   [E] explained the meaning of the word "adolescence" which was created by Huxley.
   [F] indicated that the symbols of modern youth culture had come into being.
   [G] advocated that man should be free of spiritual constraint.
Wandervogel
选项
答案G
解析 Wandervogel出现在第五段末句。该句讲到德国的Wandervogel(漂岛运动)是一个崇尚思想自由、回归自然的流行青年运动。G中的free of spiritual constraint是对原文free-spirited的同义转述．符合该青年运动的特征，故确定G为本题答案。
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