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  3. Forms of Business Ownership A business may have a small beginning as a sole proprietorship, later expand into a partnership,

Forms of Business Ownership A business may have a small beginning as a sole proprietorship, later expand into a partnership,

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问题                Forms of Business Ownership
    A business may have a small beginning as a sole proprietorship, later expand into a partnership, and finally become a corporation. Many corporate giants started as sole proprietoriships. Sole Proprietorships
    The oldest, most common form of private business ownership is the sole proprietorship. A sole proprietorship is a business owned and managed by one individual. That person may receive help from others in operating the business but is the only boss; the sole proprietor is the company.
    Typically the sole proprietor owns a small service or retail operation, such as a roadside produce stand, hardware store, bakery, or restaurant. The sole owner, often sided by one or two employees, operates a small shop that often supplies goods to a group of regular customers. The capital (money) needed to start and operate the business is normally provided by the owner through personal wealth or borrowed money.
    The sole proprietor is usually an active manager, working in the ship every day. He or she controls the operations, supervises the employees, and makes the decisions. The managerial ability of the owner usually accounts for the success or failure of the business.
    Many people desire to be their own boss. A sole proprietorship accomplishes this goal; it has other advantages as well. Sole proprietorship is the easiest way to start a business. The sole owner has all profits earned or losses by operation.  Another advantage of the proprietorship is that the business pays no income tax. It is also easy to close a business. A sole proprietorship also has disadvantages, for example, unlimited liability, difficulty in raising capital, limitations in managerial ability, demands on time, difficulty in hiring  and  keeping  high  achievement employees, and etc.
    Partnerships
    There are three major types of partnerships. A general partnership is a business with at least one general partner who has unlimited liability for the debts of the business. A limited partnership has at least one or more limited partners. The joint venture is a special type of partnership established to carry out a special project or to operate for a specific time period.
    The advantages of a partnership include the following: more capital, combined managerial skills, ease of starting, tax advantages. and etc. The disadvantages of a partnership include the following: unlimited liability, disagreements among partners, investment withdrawal difficulty, limited capital and etc.
    Corporations
    Some industries, such as automobile manufacturing, computer manufacturing, oil refining, and natural gas production, require millions of dollars to operate a business. Typically such vast sums of money are put together by attracting many investors. The unincorporated forms of business--the proprietorship and the partnership do not attract investors who do not want to make decisions or to be actually involved in managing the firm. The corporation, by contrast, provides a form of business ownership in which owners spread over a wide geographical area can hire professional managers to operate the business. It has the legal rights of an individual: it can own property, purchase goods and services, and sue other persons or corporations.  The advantages of a corporation include the following: limited liability, skilled management team, transfer of ownership, greater capital base, and etc. the disadvantages of a corporation include the following: difficulty and expenses of starting, lack of control right to the operation, government involvement, lack of personal interest, double taxation, credit limitations.
Which of the following disadvantages does a corporation have?
选项 A、It does not attract people who do not want to make decisions of their own or to be actually involved in managing the firm.
B、Difficulty in raising capital, limitations in managerial ability and unlimited liability.
C、Disagreements among partners, limited capital and limited liability.
D、Lack of personal interest, high taxation and credit limitations.
答案D
解析 该题考查内容为“法人形式(corporation)”的部分，根据题干，可以直接定位在该段后半部分描述法人形式优缺点的文字内容。法人形式的缺点有：difficulty and expenses of starting，lack of control right to the operation, government involvement, lack of personal interest, double taxation, credit limitations. 即：公司启动较难，启动资金大，没有经营控制权，政府的参与，没有个人利益，双税种纳税，信用有限。故将选项内容与原文描述逐一对应之后，判断只有D项完全为法人形式缺点的正确描述，为该题的答案选项。
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