2. 外语
  3. One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and c

One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and c

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问题     One of the central diagnostic criteria for Autistic Spectrum Disorders(ASD)(自闭症)is a failure to develop peer relationships and clinicians examine how the child conceptualizes and demonstrates friendship skills. Normal children’s conception of friendship changes over time and it is notable that children with autism often have an immature and unusual definition of friendship. The, research literature on the concept of friendship indicates the following levels between early childhood and adolescence.

    The child in the first level who is approximately 3 to 6 years old recognizes that games and activities cannot happen unless there is an element of turn taking but there is an egocentric or simple conceptualization of friendship in terms of defining a friend as someone who gives you things or someone you play with. Friendship is based on proximity and physical attributes.
    For the children who are in level 2, about 6 to 9 years old, there is an increasing understanding of the concepts of reciprocity and mutual rather than one-way assistance. The likes and dislikes of the other person are more likely to be considered with friendship based on how closely each friend matches their self-interest, for example, in liking similar games. There is also a new awareness of the motives, thoughts and feelings of others.
    The 9-year-old to 13-year-old children who are in level 3 are more aware of other people’s opinions on them and how their words and actions affect the feelings of others. They are more careful in what they say and do because it may be hurtful to someone. Friendship can be based on shared experience or common interests and helping becomes more valued than simply playing together. There is a greater selectivity in choosing friends, a gender split and a greater durability in the relation-ship. There is increased value placed on personal attributes such as trust, loyalty and keeping rather than breaking promises.
    For the highest level of adolescence, peer group acceptance becomes more important than the opinions of parents. There is a greater depth and breadth of self disclosure, desire to be understood by friends and recognition that there are different types of friendship — from acquaintances to close friends with autonomous inter-dependence.
    When children with ASD are asked what makes a good friend, clinical experience suggests that a common response is a list almost exclusively of actions that a friend should not do, e. g. bully or tease you, which indicates that the child has experienced a disproportionate level of negative experiences in their peer relation-ships. They know what a friend should not do but have little idea what they should do.
What’s the key diagnostic standard for a child with ASD?
选项 A、A failure to make friends with his peers.
B、A failure to be friendly to other children.
C、A failure to manage friendship skills.
D、A failure to demonstrate friendship skills.
答案A
解析 事实细节题。文中开头第一句话说自闭症患者的主要诊断标准之一是一个儿童不能在同龄人中建立友谊关系。题干中的standard和原文中的cri—teria是同义转述。故[A]正确。[B]项是个别人的特征，不能作为诊断标准。[C]、[D]忽略了peer，扩大了标准的范围，错误。
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