The sciences are differentiated precisely on the basis of the particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects of

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问题     The sciences are differentiated precisely on the basis of the particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects of study. Thus the contradiction peculiar to a certain field of phenomena constitutes the object of study for a specific branch of science. For example, positive and negative numbers in mathematics; action and reaction in mechanics; positive and negative electricity in physics; dissociation and combination in chemistry; forces of production and relations of production, classes and class struggle, in social science; offence and defence in military science; idealism and materialism , the metaphysical outlook and the dialectical outlook, in philosophy; and so on—all these are the objects of study of different branches of science precisely because each branch has its own particular contradiction and particular essence.

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答案 科学研究的不同,体现在即使是在一门独立学科的研究之下,其内在也存在很多特殊的矛盾性。因此,某一现象的领域存在的特有矛盾构成了一门具体学科的研究对象。例如,数学领域的正数与负数,机械学中的作用与反作用,物理学中的阴电与阳电,化学中的化分与化合,社会科学中的生产力与生产关系、阶级和阶级的互相斗争,军事学中的攻击与防御,哲学中的唯心论与唯物论、形而上学观与辩证法观等等,都是因为每一学科具有特殊的矛盾和特殊的本质,才构成了不同学科的研究对象。

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