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  3. There are two theories that have been used to explain ancient and modern tragedy. Neither quite explains the complexity of the t

There are two theories that have been used to explain ancient and modern tragedy. Neither quite explains the complexity of the t

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问题 There are two theories that have been used to explain ancient and modern tragedy. Neither quite explains the complexity of the tragic process or the tragic hero, but each explains important elements of tragedy, and, because their conclusions are contradictory, they represent extreme views. The first theory states that all tragedy exhibits the workings of external fate. Of course, the overwhelming majority of tragedies do leave us with a sense of the supremacy of impersonal power and of the limitation of human effort. But this theory of tragedy is an oversimplification, primarily because it confuses the tragic condition with the tragic process: the theory does not acknowledge that fate, in a tragedy, normally becomes external to the hero only after the tragic process has been set in motion. Fate, as conceived in ancient Greek tragedy, is the internal balancing condition of life. It appears as external only after it has been violated, just as justice is an internal quality of an honest person, but the external antagonist of the criminal. Secondarily, this theory of tragedy does not distinguish tragedy from irony. Irony does not need an exceptional central figure: as a rule, the more ignoble the hero the sharper the irony, when irony alone is the objective. It is heroism that creates the splendor and exhilaration that is unique to tragedy. The tragic hero normally has an extraordinary, often a nearly divine, destiny almost within grasp, and the glory of that original destiny never quite fades out of the tragedy.
    The second theory of tragedy states that the act that sets the tragic process in motion must be primarily a violation of moral law, whether human or divine; in short, that the tragic hero must have a flaw that has an essential connection with sin. Again it is true that the great majority of tragic heroes do possess hubris, or a proud and passionate mind that seems to make the hero’s downfall morally explicable. But such hubris is only the precipitating agent of catastrophe, just as in comedy the cause of the happy ending is usually some act of humility, often performed by a noble character who is meanly disguised.  
Which of the following comparisons of the tragic with the ironic hero is best supported by information contained in the passage?
选项 A、A tragic hero’s fate is an external condition, but an ironic hero’s fate is an internal one.
B、A tragic hero must be controlled by fate, but an ironic hero cannot be.
C、A tragic hero’s moral flaw surprises the audience, but an ironic hero’s sin does not.
D、A tragic hero and an ironic hero cannot both be virtuous figures in the same tragedy.
E、A tragic hero is usually extraordinary, but an ironic hero may be cowardly or even villainous.
答案E
解析 Which one of the comparisons between the tragic hero and the ironic hero is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?
To eliminate some of the choices, note the following: first, the passage indicates that the tragic hero’s fate is initially internal, but the passage does not apply this to the ironic hero’s fate. Second, the passage does not suggest that an ironic hero cannot be controlled by fate. Third, the passage does not attribute a sin to the ironic hero, yet it does indicate that the character of the ironic hero tends to be ignoble.
In any case, the passage is silent as to whether a tragedy can feature two heroes, one tragic and the other ironic. Finally, the passage implies that tragedy, unlike irony, needs an exceptional central figure. Furthermore, the passage suggests the following about an ironic hero: the more ignoble the hero the sharper the irony.
A    The passage indicates that the tragic hero’s fate is initially internal but becomes external as part of the tragic process. The passage does consider whether an ironic hero can be controlled by fate but also does not exclude that possibility. Therefore, the passage does not suggest that externalized fate is a factor that distinguishes the tragic hero from the ironic hero.
B    Nothing in the passage indicates that an ironic hero cannot be controlled by fate.
C    The passage indicates that the character of the ironic hero tends to be ignoble. However, it does not imply that a sin by the ironic hero is essential to the development of the irony.
D    The passage does not address whether a tragedy can feature two heroes, one of whom is tragic and one of whom is ironic.
E    Correct. Among the choices provided, this comparison is best supported: tragedy requires an exceptional central figure, while for irony, the more ignoble the hero the better.
The correct answer is E.
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