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Scientists have long argued over the relative contributions of practice and native talent to the development of elite performanc

admin2017-12-19  99
问题    Scientists have long argued over the relative contributions of practice and native talent to the development of elite performance. This debate swings back and forth every century, it seems, but a paper in the current issue of the journal Psychological Science illustrates where the discussion now stands and hints—more tantalizingly, for people who just want to do their best—at where the research will go next.
   The value-of-practice debate has reached a stalemate. In a landmark 1993 study of musicians, a research team led by K. Anders Ericsson found that practice time explained almost all the difference(about 80 percent)between elite performers and committed amateurs. The finding rippled quickly through the popular culture, perhaps most visibly as the apparent inspiration for the "10,000-hour rule" in Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling "Outliers" —a rough average of the amount of practice time required for expert performance.
   The new paper, the most comprehensive review of relevant research to date, comes to a different conclusion. Compiling results from 88 studies across a wide range of skills, it estimates that practice time explains about 20 percent to 25 percent of the difference in performance in music, sports and games like chess. In academics, the number is much lower—4 percent—in part because it’s hard to assess the effect of previous knowledge, the authors wrote.
   One of those people, Dr. Ericsson, had by last week already written his critique of the new review. He points out that the paper uses a definition of practice that includes a variety of related activities, including playing music or sports for fun or playing in a group. But his own studies focused on what he calls deliberate practice: one-on-one lessons in which an instructor pushes a student continually, gives immediate feedback and focuses on weak spots. "If you throw all these kinds of practice into one big soup, of course you are going to reduce the effect of deliberate practice," he said in a telephone interview.
   Zach Hambrick, a co-author of the paper of the journal Psychological Science, said that using Dr. Ericsson’ s definition of practice would not change the results much, if at all, and partisans on both sides have staked out positions. Like most branches of the nature-nurture debate, this one has produced multiple camps, whose estimates of the effects of practice vary by as much as 50 percentage points.
According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true?
选项 A、There is a new move in the value-of-practice debate.
B、The difference between elite performers and committed amateurs has nothing to do with practice time.
C、Malcolm Gladwell is enlightened by the finding of K. Anders Ericsson.
D、Everyone can become an expert by 10,000-hour practise.
答案C
解析 细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第二段。此题宜采用排除法。A项“练习的价值 之争有了新进展”与The value-of-practice debate has reached a stalemate不符。B项“专业 演奏者和执着的业余人士之间的差异与练习时间无关”不符合K.安德斯.埃里克森的 研究发现，故排除。D项“通过1万小时的练习，每个人都可以达到专家水平”说法过于 绝对，故排除。C项“马尔科姆.格拉德威尔受到K．安德斯.埃里克森研究成果的启发” 与文中The finding rippled quickly through the popular culture，perhaps most visibly as the apparent inspiration for the “10，000一hour rule”in Malcolm Gladwell’s best—selling “Outliers”相符，故为正确答案。
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