首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason
admin
2010-06-11
45
问题
To understand the importance of controlled observation in psychology, we look at a horse by the name of Hans. Hans could reason and "talk". Hans had been trained by a math teacher, Mr. Osten, to communicate by tapping forefoot and moving his head. A head nod meant yes, and a shake suggested no. Mr. Osten developed a code for verbal information in which each letter was represented by a pair of numbers. The letter A was coded as one tap, pause, one tap, and the letter I was three taps, pause, two taps. Once Hans learned to tap his foot or move his head when questioned, he was given simple problems and then fed a piece of bread or carrot for correct responses. By the end of his training, Hans could spell words, and he excelled in math. He became a hero in Germany his picture was on wine bottles and toys.
An official commission examined the horse, testing him to see if he really did all the things claimed. They came away very impressed and issued a statement that there was no evidence of any intentional influence or aid on the part of Hans’ questioners.
But there was one scientist who was not so sure that Hans was as intelligent as he had been portrayed. Oskar Pfungst, a sharp observer, had detected that Hans always faced his questioners. Pfungst hypothesized that this might have something to do with his math ability. The scientist set up a very simple experiment. He wrote numbers on a card and held them up one at a time, asking Hans to tap out the numbers written on each card. Half of the cards were held so that only Hans, not Pfungst himself, could see. Hans was his usual brilliant self, getting 92% of them correct. But for the numbers Pfungst could not see, Hans was no longer a brilliant horse, getting 8% correct.
Pfungst repeated the experiment over and over again, with nearly the same results. He observed Hans with his other questioners. As soon as they stated the problem to Hans, most questioners would turn their head and upper body slightly. When the correct number of foot taps had been made by Hans, the questioner would move his head upward. Despite his years of work with the horse, Mr. Osten had never dreamed that Hans had learnt to "read" him. He felt angry and betrayed by the horse.
Thus we can see that experts sometimes can be wrong and that what sometimes seems to be the truth may be a false impression. Even experts can be fooled if they don’t make appropriate use of research procedures to check their observations.
Oskar Pfungst discovered that Hans performed badly in the math work when ______.
选项
答案
his questioner could not see the numbers on the cards
解析
参见第3段最后一句:当Pfungst (提问者)不看题板(不知上面写的什么数字)时,Hans只能答对8%。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/yTKK777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Becausetheywanttoearnhighsalary.B、Becauseschoolsdonotteachstudentshowtochoosejobs.C、Becausetherehasbeense
A、Regularservice.B、Overnightexpress.C、Samedaydelivery.D、Priorityservice.DWhichmethodwillthewomanprobablyusetose
GriffithworkedforafirmthatspecializedineconomicdevelopmentinWashingtonD.C.becausesheneededmoneytopayforherd
A、E-commerce.B、Wirelesscommunications.C、Businessandtheweb.D、Newtechnology.CWhatcoursearethetwospeakerstalkingabo
Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstelevision?WhichofthefollowingideasmightprobablybepreferredbyMalcolmMuggeridg
A、At6:15.B、At5:50.C、At16:05.D、At16:15.DM:Howwasthetrip,Ellen?W:Itwasallright,onlytheplaneshouldhavetaken
A、Apopulartelevisionprogram.B、Abreakthroughintechnology.C、Arecentpurchase.D、Anewelectronicsstore.CWhatisthemai
A、PeopleknowalmostnothingaboutShakespeare’searlylife.B、ShakespearewasalreadywellknownbeforehewenttoLondon.C、Pe
TheauthorconsidersthatFrance______.Withwhatconclusion,regardingFrenchmother,isthereaderleft?
A、Becauseitisbadfortheirhealth.B、Becausethosepeoplearelazy.C、Becausethosepeoplemaintaingoodhabits.D、Becauseth
随机试题
在社会主义市场经济条件下,既然价值观念存在多种多样性,那么价值导向也应该是多元的。()
利用分子筛效应分离蛋白质的技术是
关于基金份额转换的规则,下列说法正确的是()。
商业银行的资产业务包括()。
有限责任公司的股东会是公司的()。
对于侦查破案、拘留逮捕、审讯、处置突发暴力事件、制裁违法犯罪等项工作,公安机关的工作对策主要是()。
ODBC是
Parentswhosechildrenshowaspecialinterestinaparticularsportfeelverydifficulttomakeadecisionabouttheirchildren
Whatshouldemployeesdoifabadgeislost?
Mostpeoplehavenoideaofthehardworkandworryaboutgoingintocollectionofthosefascinatingbirdsandanimalsthatthey
最新回复
(
0
)