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  3. The level of discrimination has varied enormously in the history of human societies, from genocide where ethnics are killed off

The level of discrimination has varied enormously in the history of human societies, from genocide where ethnics are killed off

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问题     The level of discrimination has varied enormously in the history of human societies, from genocide where ethnics are killed off through expulsion and, when these extreme forms of discrimination are not possible, through segregation in a ghetto and a narrow range of jobs.
    One type of ethnic minority is lower class. Here disproportionate numbers of a population are isolated in slum housing tracts and pushed into the lowest-paying occupations such that they are in the poverty classes of a society. African-Americans have suffered this fate in the United States. Another type of ethnic minority created by discrimination is the middleman minority where members are segregated but, at the same time, allowed to occupy a narrow range of entrepreneurial and professional economic positions which give them some affluence. For example, Jews in feudal and early modern Europe often occupied high positions in banking and finance; and many Asian immigrants in America today have moved into small business niches.
    What determines which type of a minority an ethnic population will become? One important condition is the resources—money, entrepreneurial know-how, educational credentials—that a population can mobilize. When ethnics have some resources, they can more readily move into intermediary minority positions and live a more middle-class life style. But resources are not the only factor; another is the absolute size of an ethnic population. A small minority with resources can more easily find intermediary niches than a large one, for the simple reason that there are not enough small-business positions for a large population. A large ethnic population will, therefore, be pushed to lower niches especially if their resources are limited and, as a result, their ability to fight off discrimination is low.
    African-Americans have suffered this fate: They are too large a group to fill middlemen minority positions, and they have insufficient resources to overcome discrimination. Indeed, what often happens is that members of a large minority who can mobilize resources—say, educational credentials—move into middle-class positions, leaving behind their fellow ethnics. For example, many blacks in America have made dramatic strides in moving to the middle-classes in the post-Civil Rights era, but the fate of the vast majority of blacks in the lower classes has remained the same, or worsened over the last twenty-five years. Black America itself is thus divided by large class differences.  
Which of the following is the correct description of "genocide"?
选项 A、It is a place where ethnics are discriminated.
B、It is an extreme form of ethnic discrimination.
C、It is manifested by means of segregation.
D、It is the earliest discrimination in history.
答案B
解析 在首段中以when引出的状语从句里，these extreme forms of discrimination指的就是前面提到的genocide和expulsion，由此可见，B的说法正确。从首段的主要句式the level…varied…from genocide…through expulsion…through segregation可以知道genocide并非一个地方，而是种族歧视的一个level，因此A不正确；而从该句的句式也可以知道genocide和segregation是两种不同程度的种族歧视，由此可知C不正确；原文并未提及earliest discrimination是什么，首段只是指出genocide是最极端的discrimination，因此D不正确。
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