首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
admin
2018-07-24
54
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age; thereafter, from around 3000 to 1200 b.c, bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies emerged. As wealth increased, these societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Southwest Asia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization—came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization. D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which civilization emerged in Southwest Asia, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could be produced only with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization.
According to paragraph 2, what happens as societies become more prosperous?
选项
A、More goods are produced.
B、Walled cities are built.
C、Laws are instituted.
D、The size of families increased.
答案
B
解析
"As wealth increased, such societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities." Choices A, C, and D may be logical, but they are not mentioned and may not be concluded from information in the passage.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/z3fO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
ChooseTWOletters,A-EWhichTWOproblemsdoSamandthetutoridentifyconcerninggroupassignments?APersonalrelationships.
WhatdidPhoebefinddifficultaboutthedifferentresearchtechniquessheused?ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe
ChooseTHREEletters,A-ETheinventionofdifferentgearsonabicycleaffectedwhichTHREEofthefollowing?AWheelsizeBBa
ChooseTHREEletters,A-ETheinventionofdifferentgearsonabicycleaffectedwhichTHREEofthefollowing?AWheelsizeBBa
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOrecentdevelopmentsinroof-gardenbuildingarementioned?AwaterproofbarriermaterialsBd
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOrecentdevelopmentsinroof-gardenbuildingarementioned?AwaterproofbarriermaterialsBd
Whatadvantagedoesthespeakermentionforeachofthefollowingphysicalactivities?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwrite
Harborsare(protected)areas(ofwater)thatcanbe(usedthe)transferofpassengersandcargo(between)shipsshore.
随机试题
“剪刀”胜“布”、“石头”胜“剪刀”、“布”胜“石头”,若两人所出手势相同,则为平局。人们制定这个游戏规则遵循了()。
A.同侧上象限偏盲B.同侧下象限偏盲C.黄斑分裂D.黄斑回避E.颞侧偏盲脑皮质疾患
下列哪项是浮小麦具有的功效()
6个月婴儿,呕吐,腹泻3天,大便10余次/日,呈蛋花汤样,有腥臭味,尿量极少,皮肤弹性差,前囟、眼窝明显凹陷,四肢厥冷。大便镜检白细胞偶见。血清钠135mmol/L。病原学诊断最可能是
该工程设置的消防通道是否合理?请说明理由。该工程还需考虑哪些类型的临时用水?在该工程临时用水总量中,起决定性作用的是哪种类型临时用水?
联共(布)十五大通过的经济方针是()。
刑法第384条第l款规定:“国家工作人员利用职务上的便利,挪用公款归个人使用,进行非法活动的,或者挪用公款数额较大、进行营利活动的,或者挪用公款数额较大、超过三个月未还的,是挪用公款罪,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;情节严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑。挪用公款数
Whenwilltheplanearrive?
Aswithahumanbaby,youmustbepatient,______,andunderstandingofyourpet’smistakes.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)
Somemanagershavenoticedrecentlythattheemployeesinthecompanyaretakingadvantageofthepolicyofhavingbreaks.Thew
最新回复
(
0
)