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  3. The Flavor Industry A． Read through the nutritional information on the food in your freezer, refrigerator or kitchen pantry,

The Flavor Industry A． Read through the nutritional information on the food in your freezer, refrigerator or kitchen pantry,

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问题                      The Flavor Industry
    A． Read through the nutritional information on the food in your freezer, refrigerator or kitchen pantry, and you are likely to find a simple, innocuous-looking ingredient recurring on a number of products:  "natural flavor". The story of what natural flavor is, how it got into your food, and where it canto from, is the result of more complex processes than you might imagine.
    B． During the 1980s, health watchdogs and nutritionists began turning their attention to cholesterol, a waxy steroid metabolite that we mainly consume from animal-sourced products such as cheese, egg yolks, beef, poultry, shrimp and pork. Nutritionists blamed cholesterol for contributing to the growing rates of obesity, heart disease, diabetes and several cancers in Western societies. As extensive recognition of the matter grew amongst the common people, McDonalds stopped cooking their French fries in a mixture of cottonseed oil and beef tallow, and in 1990 the restaurant chain began using 100% vegetable oil instead.
    C．This substantially lowered the amount of cholesterol in McDonalds’ fries, but it created a new dilemma. The beef tallow and cottonseed oil mixture gave the French fries high cholesterol content, but it also gifted them with a rich aroma and "mouth-feel" that even James Beard, an American food critic, admitted he enjoyed. Pure vegetable oil is bland in comparison. Looking at the current ingredients’ list of McDonalds’ French fries, however, it is easy to see how they overcame this predicament. Aside from a few preservatives, there are essentially three main ingredients: potato, soybean oil, and the mysterious component of "natural flavor".
    D．Natural flavor also entered our diet through the rise in processed foods, which now make up over 90% (and growing) of the American diet, as well as representing a burgeoning industry in developing countries such as China and India. Processed foods are essentially any foods that have been boxed, bagged, canned or packaged, and have a list of ingredients on the label. Sometimes, the processing involves adding a little sodium or sugar, and a few preservatives. Often, however, it is colored, bleached, stabilized, emulsified, dehydrated, odor-concealed and sweetened. This process typically saps any original flavor out of the product, and so, of course, flavor must be added back in as well.
    E． Often this is "natural flavor", but while the term may bring to mind images of fresh barley, hand-ground spices and dried herbs being traded in a bustling street market, most of these natural sources are in fact engineered to culinary perfection in a set of factories and plants off the New Jersey Turnpike outside of New York. Here, firms such as International Flavors & Fragrances, Harman & Reimer, Flavor Dynamics, Fruition and Elam Chemical isolate and manufacture the tastes that are incorporated ha much of what we eat and drink. The sweet, summery burst of naturally squeezed orange juice, the wood-smoked aroma ha barbeque sauces, and the creamy, buttery, fresh taste ha many dairy products do not come from sun drenched meadows or backyard grills, but are formed in the labs and test tubes of these flavor industry giants.
    F．The scientists—dubbed "favorites"—who create the potent chemicals that set our olfactory senses to overdrive use a mix of techniques that have been refined over many years. Part of it is dense, intricate chemistry: spectrometers, gas chromatographs and headspace-vapor analyzers can break down components of a flavor in amounts as minute as one part per billion. Not to be outdone, however, the human nose can isolate aromas down to three parts per trillion. Favorites therefore consider their work as much an art as a science, and flavor’s requires a nose "trained" with a delicate and poetic sense of balance.
    G．Should we be wary of the industrialization of natural flavor? On its own, the trend may not resent any clear reason for alarm. Nutritionists, widely agree that the real assault on health in the last few decades stems from an "unholy trinity  of sugar, fat and sodium in processed foods. Natural flavor on its own is not a health risk. It does play a role, however, in helping these processed foods to taste fresh and nutritious, even when they are not. So while the natural flavor industry should not be considered the culprit, we might think of it as a willing accomplice.
Questions 14-21
    Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
    Which paragraph contains the following information?
    Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
    NB You may use any letter more than once.
examples of companies that create natural flavors
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答案E
解析
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