首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a
admin
2012-01-14
55
问题
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose right to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong. At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remained. A series of revolutions in the preceding centuries had weakened the European monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state, as in Britain, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. It lasted longer in the few small states of Asia and Africa that had never come under direct colonial rule. By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, people were considered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the people were seen as constituting the state.
2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place. A liberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the people acting through elected representatives and where an elected executive is responsible to the will of the people as a whole.
The term
applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as
people’s democracies
, in which the Communist party holds the ultimate authority. Generally, liberal democracies follow the parliamentary
pattern
, with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independently elected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.
3 The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty became all-inclusive as citizenship rights were extended to classes formerly excluded and to women. The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life according to the will of the people, except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.
4 All democratic states, both parliamentary and presidential, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the well being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, particularly in the areas of social welfare, education, health and safety, and economic development.
5 The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time.
In these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state.
In some instances, monarchy gave way directly to dictatorship. In others, dictatorial regimes took over democratically organized states, notably in Eastern Europe in the years between the two world wars, in new states of Asia and Africa in the 1950s, and sporadically in Central and South America.
6 Authoritarian governments showed three principle characteristics. First, there was a head of state or leader with exceptional powers, with a party to support him. Second, the legislative body was elected by a system that prohibited parties opposed to the regime, and third, there was a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popular control. The most extreme position on these points was taken by Hitler’s totalitarian National Socialist State in the 1930s.
Glossary:
autocratic: characterized by unlimited power
autocratic: characterized by complete obedience to authority, lacking individual freedom
The phrase The term in paragraph 2 refers to
选项
A、monarchical authority
B、liberal democracy
C、will of the people
D、communist
答案
B
解析
The referent of The term is something that applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. The subject of the previous sentence is liberal democracy. Logic tells you that The term refers to liberal democracy. (1.3)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/zRyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes10-13
Timekeeper:InventionofMarineChronometerA.Uptothemiddleofthe18thcentury,thenavigatorswerestillunabletoexa
Timekeeper:InventionofMarineChronometerA.Uptothemiddleofthe18thcentury,thenavigatorswerestillunabletoexa
Whatpercentageofthestudentsaremature?Arelativelyhighproportionofstudentsdecideto______inNewtownaftergraduati
Inthemiddlepart,Klaraneedstousea______.Theprofessorsuggests______ofthebibliography.
Whichgroupgavethefollowingadvice?TickColumnAifitwasmainlywomen.TickColumnBifitwasmainlymen.TickColumnCi
Completethetablebelow.WriteAiftherepairwillbedoneimmediately.Biftherepairwillbedoneduringthefollowingweek
A、Thatitcan’tbemeasured.B、Thatitdoesn’tchange.C、Thatit’sgettingsmaller.D、Thatit’srapidlyincreasing.BQ:?what?did
TemperatureThreescalesoftemperature,eachofwhichpermitsaprecisemeasurement,areinconcurrentuse:theFahrenheit,
"LiteratureClass"Whydoestheprofessorsaythis:
随机试题
党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的统一性是由()。
形成喉结的软骨是
A.补体结合试验阳性B.甲胎蛋白阳性C.右上腹绞痛及黄疸D.穿刺抽出棕褐色脓液E.突发寒战、高热,肝区疼痛,肝肿大细菌性肝脓肿的特点是
公称最大粒径不大于(),坍落度不小于()的混凝土的流动性,采用坍落度指标表征。
FIDIC施工合同履行中,因业主的行为导致承包商增加施工成本,合同相应条款都规定应对承包商补偿( )。
违规出具金融票证罪侵犯的客体是国家对金融票证的管理制度。()
假设开发法计算中的扣除项目即开发所必要的各项成本、费用、税金及应获得的()。
根据参与者的介入程度和品牌问的差异程度,可将消费者的购买行为分为()。
判断一种生产关系是否先进的根本标志在于它是()。
HintsandTipstoSaveMoneyA)Spendless.Thisisnotoversimplifyingthebestwaytosavemoney!Itisessentialifyoua
最新回复
(
0
)